Engineered B lymphocytes and compositions having micro-RNA and methods for making and using them

ABSTRACT

Provided are engineered B lymphocytes modified to express one or several different types of microRNAs or anti-miRs where in one embodiments the lymphocytes contain multiple copy numbers of nucleic acids encoding the one or several different types of miRs or anti-miRs. Provided are compositions and methods for treating, ameliorating, or preventing a cancer cell, a breast cancer cell or a triple negative breast cancer, or a breast cancer cell that tests negative for estrogen receptors, progesterone receptors, or HER2, comprising or by administering a composition, formulation or pharmaceutical composition comprising a microRNA or anti-miR. Provided are methods for treating an inflammation, a disease, a condition, infection or cancer capable of being treated by modulation or inhibition or expression of an miRNA or anti-miRs by administering to an individual in need thereof a B lymphocyte that secretes a microRNA or anti-miR, or a B lymphocyte supernatant, extracellular vesicle or exosome having a microRNA or anti-miR.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. Utility patent application Ser. No. 15/841,709, filed Dec. 14, 2017, which, claims the benefit of priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/434,347, filed Dec. 14, 2016. The aforementioned applications are expressly incorporated herein by reference in their entirety and for all purposes.

STATEMENT AS TO FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH

This invention was made with government support under grant nos. R21CA178674 and 2R56A1062894-04A1, awarded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), DHHS. The government has certain rights in the invention.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This invention generally relates to genetic therapy and molecular and cellular biology. In alternative embodiments, provided are engineered B lymphocytes modified to express one or several different types of microRNAs (miRs), where in alternative embodiments the lymphocytes contain multiple copy numbers of nucleic acids encoding the one or several different types of miRs. In alternative embodiments, provided are compositions and methods for treating, ameliorating, or preventing a cancer cell, a breast cancer cell or a triple negative breast cancer, or a breast cancer cell that tests negative for estrogen receptors (ER-), progesterone receptors (PR-), and/or HER2 (HER2-), comprising or by administering a composition, formulation or pharmaceutical composition comprising a microRNA-335 (miR-335), miR-138 or miR-449.

BACKGROUND

Short noncoding RNAs, evolutionarily conserved 20 to 30 nucleotide long (miRNAs, or miRs), represent a large family of gene expression regulators through their ability to prevent translation of specific mRNA into protein (Bartel, 2004; Thomas et al., 2010). Individual miRNAs may repress up to hundreds of transcripts (Friedman et al., 2009) and can regulate diverse processes including cell growth, metabolism, immunity, inflammation and cancer (Ambros, 2004; O'Connell et al.; Pedersen and David, 2008; Volinia et al., 2006). miRNA mutations or mis-expression exist in human cancers suggesting that miRNAs can function as tumor suppressors or oncogenes (oncomirs) (Esquela-Kerscher and Slack, 2006; Garzon et al., 2009). Thus, suppression of oncomirs or selective miRNA restoration in cancer cells has therapeutic relevance.

miR-335 was identified as being implicated in the growth and metastasis of the triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) cell line MDA-MB-231 derivative 4175 (LM2) (Tavazoie et al., 2008). Clinically, TNBC patients whose primary tumors have low miR-335 expression have a shorter median time to metastatic relapse (Tavazoie et al., 2008). Reportedly, miR-335 inhibits tumor re-initiation and is silenced through genetic and epigenetic mechanisms (Png et al., 2011). One of the targets of miR-335, miR-129, miR-129-2 and miR-93, is SOX4 a transcription factor involved in embryonic development and cell fate determination (Busslinger, 2004; Hong and Saint-Jeannet, 2005; Restivo et al., 2006), and in epithelial to mesenschymal transition (EMT) (Tiwari et al., 2013). SOX4 expression is elevated in various tumors, including lymphoma, colorectal cancer, cervical cancer, lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, and breast cancer. In many cancers, deregulated expression of this developmental factor has been correlated with increased cancer cell proliferation, cell survival, inhibition of apoptosis and the induction of EMT (Vervoort et al., 2013). Experiments in mice with conditional deletion of Sox4 in stratified epithelia showed resistance to chemical carcinogenesis leading to onset delay and tumor size reduction (Foronda et al., 2014).

B cells have been programmed for the enforced biogenesis and synchronous release of sncRNAs (Almanza et al., 2013). sncRNAs have been packaged as a cargo in extracellular vesicles (EVs) produced and released by the programmed B cells, and that thus induced EVs (iEVs) are enriched in predetermined sncRNAs, with an estimate of 3.6 copy number/EV (Almanza and Zanetti, 2015).

SUMMARY

In alternative embodiments, provided are compositions, formulations or pharmaceutical compositions, comprising:

-   -   (1) a transfected or transduced B lymphocyte comprising or         having contained therein a heterologous micro-RNA (miRNA, or         miR), or a heterologous anti-miRNA (antagomir or blockmir),     -   wherein optionally the heterologous micro-RNA or anti-miRNA is a         synthetic RNA,     -   or an expression system (optionally a plasmid or a vector)         capable of expressing the heterologous miRNA or anti-miRNA (or         an expression system comprising nucleic acids capable of         expressing the miRNA or anti-miRNA); or     -   (2)     -   (a) a B lymphocyte supernatant or equivalent thereof,     -   (b) a B lymphocyte extracellular vesicle (EV) or equivalent         thereof,     -   (c) a B lymphocyte exosome or equivalent thereof,     -   (d) a B lymphocyte micro-vesicle or equivalent thereof, or     -   (e) any combination of (a) to (d),     -   wherein the B lymphocyte supernatant or equivalent thereof, B         lymphocyte extracellular vesicle (EV) or equivalent thereof, B         lymphocyte exosome or equivalent thereof, or B lymphocyte         micro-vesicle or equivalent thereof, comprises or has contained         therein: a plurality of the same or different micro-RNA (miRNA,         or miR) or anti-miRNA molecules, and optionally the same or         different micro-RNA or anti-miRNA molecules are heterologous to         the B cells from which they are derived,     -   wherein optionally the same or different micro-RNA or anti-miRNA         is a synthetic RNA,     -   wherein optionally the B lymphocyte comprises or has contained         therein: a plurality of the same or different micro-RNA (miRNA,         or miR) or anti-miRNA molecules,     -   wherein optionally the miRNA or anti-miRNA comprises: miR-335,         miR-138, miR-449, miR-129, miR-129-2, miR-93, an miR-141, an         miR-150, an miR-155, an miR-15a, an miR-16, an mi-R-21, or an         miRNA selected from Table 2, or an miRNA that down-regulates or         decreases the activity of SOX4 mRNA, and a combination thereof,         wherein the anti-miRNA comprises a sequence complementary to the         miRNA, or any combination thereof,     -   and optionally the miR or anti-miRNA can prevent or slow cancer         cell proliferation, local and distal metastasis, epithelial to         mesenschymal transition (EMT) or the differentiation of cancer         initiating/cancer stem cells into more differentiated cancer         cells;     -   wherein one, two, three or more types of miR are contained and         expressed in the B lymphocyte, the B lymphocyte supernatant or         equivalent thereof, the B lymphocyte extracellular vesicle (EV)         or equivalent thereof, the B lymphocyte exosome or equivalent         thereof, the B lymphocyte micro-vesicle or equivalent thereof,         or any combination thereof,     -   and optionally the miR or anti-miRNA can prevent or slow cancer         cell proliferation, local and distal metastasis, epithelial to         mesenschymal transition (EMT) or the differentiation of cancer         initiating/cancer stem cells into more differentiated cancer         cells,     -   and optionally coding sequence for the heterologous miR or         anti-miRNA is contained in an expression system, optionally a         plasmid or a vector, that expresses the heterologous miR or         anti-miRNA in the B lymphocyte.

In alternative embodiments, provided are compositions, formulations or pharmaceutical compositions, made by a method comprising:

-   -   (a) providing a B lymphocyte; and providing:         -   (i) an expression system capable of expressing a nucleic             acid contained therein in the B lymphocyte, and the             expression system comprises or has contained therein coding             sequence for:         -   one or a plurality of the same or different micro-RNA             (miRNA) or anti-miRNA molecules, wherein optionally the             miRNA or anti-miRNA is heterologous to the B lymphocytes,         -   wherein optionally the miRNA or anti-miRNA comprises:             miR-335, miR-138, miR-449, miR-129, miR-129-2, miR-93, an             miR-141, an miR-150, an miR-155, an miR-15a, an miR-16, an             mi-R-21, or an miRNA selected from Table 2, or an miRNA that             down-regulates or decreases the activity of SOX4 mRNA, and a             combination thereof, wherein the anti-miRNA comprises a             sequence complementary to the miRNA, or any combination             thereof,         -   (ii) a plurality of synthetic micro-RNA or anti-miRNA,             -   and optionally the miR or anti-miRNA can prevent or slow                 cancer cell proliferation, local and distal metastasis,                 epithelial to mesenschymal transition (EMT) or the                 differentiation of cancer initiating/cancer stem cells                 into more differentiated cancer cells, or treating,                 ameliorating, or preventing, or the miR or anti-miRNA                 can control the tumorigenicity of: a cancer, a                 glioblastoma, a breast cancer or a triple negative                 breast cancer, or a breast cancer that tests negative                 for estrogen receptors (ER-), progesterone receptors                 (PR-), and/or HER2 (HER2-), or             -   optionally the miRNA or anti-miRNA has an effect on the                 cell comprising treating, ameliorating or preventing an                 infection, a viral or bacterial infection, a condition                 or a disease, a metabolic disorder (optionally obesity                 or type 2 diabetes), an immune disorder or autoimmune                 disease, a cancer, a disease or condition caused by a                 cell dysplasia, a hypertrophy, a cardiac hypertrophy or                 a fibrosis;     -   (b) inserting, placing into or transducing into the B         lymphocyte: the miRNA or anti-miRNA; the expression system; or         the synthetic miRNA or anti-miRNA;     -   (c) culturing or manipulating the B lymphocyte such that: the B         lymphocyte expresses the one or the plurality of the same or         different of the micro-RNA or anti-miRNA molecules,     -   and optionally further comprising culturing or manipulating the         B lymphocyte such that:         -   a micro-RNA- or anti-miRNA-comprising B lymphocyte             supernatant is generated,         -   a micro-RNA- or anti-miRNA-comprising B lymphocyte             extracellular vesicle (EV) is generated,         -   a micro-RNA- or anti-miRNA-comprising B lymphocyte exosome             is generated, and/or         -   a micro-RNA- or anti-miRNA-comprising B lymphocyte             micro-vesicle is generated; and     -   optionally, a step (d), comprising harvesting or isolating the B         lymphocyte, the B lymphocyte supernatant, B lymphocyte         extracellular vesicle (EV), B lymphocyte exosome or B lymphocyte         micro-vesicle,     -   wherein the B lymphocyte, the B lymphocyte supernatant, B         lymphocyte extracellular vesicle (EV), B lymphocyte exosome or B         lymphocyte micro-vesicle comprises or has contained therein a         plurality of the micro-RNA or anti-miRNA molecules.

In alternative embodiments of compositions, formulations or pharmaceutical compositions as provided herein, the B lymphocyte is a mammalian B lymphocyte, or a human B lymphocyte; or the B lymphocyte is a primary lymphocyte or an autologous B lymphocyte.

In alternative embodiments of compositions, formulations or pharmaceutical compositions as provided herein, the expression system for expressing the miR or anti-miRNA or a plurality of different miRs or anti-miRNAs comprises a plasmid or an expression vector; a viral or a non-viral plasmid or expression vector; a DNA plasmid or expression vector; a DNA expression vector; or an integrating, episomal or non-integrating plasmid or expression vector; or the expression system is a genome integrating or genome non-integrating or episomal expression system,

-   -   wherein optionally the expression system comprises, or has         contained therein, two, three, four or five or more copies of         the microRNA or anti-miRNA coding sequence, wherein optionally         the microRNA or anti-miRNA coding sequences are the same or         different, and optionally each microRNA or anti-miRNA coding         sequences is operatively linked to a different transcriptional         regulator, or promoter,     -   and optionally expression system, optionally a plasmid, is         engineered to comprise two (a doublet of) miRs or anti-miRNA,         optionally miR-335, miR-138, miR-449, miR-129, miR-129-2,         miR-93, an miR-141, an miR-150, an miR-155, an miR-15a, an         miR-16, an mi-R-21, precursor stem loops, two pre-miR stem loops         in tandem with a nucleotide linker, or two miRs, optionally         pre-miR-335, miR-138, miR-449, miR-129, miR-129-2, miR-93, an         miR-141, an miR-150, an miR-155, an miR-15a, an miR-16, an         mi-R-21, or miR-449, stem loops in tandem with a nucleotide         linker,     -   and optionally the expression system, optionally a plasmid, is         engineered to comprise multiple copies of miRs, optionally         miR-335, miR-138, miR-449, miR-129, miR-129-2, miR-93, an         miR-141, an miR-150, an miR-155, an miR-15a, an miR-16, an         mi-R-21, as precursor stem loops, or two or more pre-miR stem         loops in tandem with a nucleotide linker, or two or more pre-miR         stem loops in tandem with a nucleotide linker.

In alternative embodiments of compositions, formulations or pharmaceutical compositions as provided herein, the plurality of microRNA or anti-miRNA coding sequences are designed to or are capable of modulating an RNA or DNA that controls or modulates cell growth, cell maturation or differentiation, cell death, apoptosis, cell metabolism, immunity or inflammation, or

-   -   that modulation of the RNA or DNA by exposure to or contact with         the miRNA therapeutically treats, ameliorates or prevents an         infection, a viral or a bacterial infection, a condition or a         disease, an immune disorder or autoimmune disease, a cancer, a         disease or condition, optionally caused by a cell dysplasia, a         hypertrophy, a cardiac hypertrophy or a fibrosis.

In alternative embodiments of compositions, formulations or pharmaceutical compositions as provided herein, the B lymphocyte extracellular vesicle (EV), B lymphocyte exosome or B lymphocyte micro-vesicle comprises or has contained within between about 1 to 10, or 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 or more copies of the same or different microRNA or anti-miRNA per B lymphocyte extracellular vesicle (EV), B lymphocyte exosome or B lymphocyte micro-vesicle.

In alternative embodiments of compositions, formulations or pharmaceutical compositions as provided herein, the microRNA or anti-miRNA is or comprises an miR-335, an miR-141, an miR-150, an miR-155, an miR-335, an miR-138, an miR-449, an miR-15a, an miR-16, an mi-R-21, or the microRNA (miR) coding sequence has a sequence complementary to an miR-335, an miR-141, an miR-150, an miR-155, an miR-335, an miR-138, an miR-449, an miR-15a, an miR-16, an mi-R-21, or an miR as set forth in Table 2, or an miRNA that down-regulates or decreases the activity of SOX4 mRNA;

-   -   and optionally the miR-335, miR-138, miR-449, miR-129, miR-129-2         and/or miR-93, target SOX4 mRNA, and optionally down-regulates         or decreases the activity of SOX4 mRNA.

In alternative embodiments, provided are methods for making a composition, formulation or pharmaceutical composition comprising at least one microRNA (miR) or anti-miRNA, wherein optionally the plurality of miRNA or anti-miRNA are synthetic, wherein the method comprises:

-   -   (a) providing a B lymphocyte; and providing:         -   (i) an expression system capable of expressing a nucleic             acid contained therein in the B lymphocyte, and the             expression system comprises or has contained therein coding             sequence for:         -   one or a plurality of the same or different micro-RNA             (miRNA) or anti-miRNA molecules, wherein optionally the             miRNA or anti-miRNA is heterologous to the B lymphocytes,         -   wherein optionally the miRNA or anti-miRNA comprises: an             miR-335, an miR-141, an miR-150, an miR-155, an miR-335, an             miR-138, an miR-449, an miR-15a, an miR-16, an mi-R-21, or             an miRNA selected from Table 2, and a combination thereof,             or an miRNA that down-regulates or decreases the activity of             SOX4 mRNA, wherein the anti-miRNA comprises a sequence             complementary to the miRNA, or any combination thereof,         -   (ii) a plurality of synthetic micro-RNA or anti-miRNA,             -   and optionally the miR or anti-miRNA can prevent or slow                 cancer cell proliferation, local and distal metastasis,                 epithelial to mesenschymal transition (EMT) or the                 differentiation of cancer initiating/cancer stem cells                 into more differentiated cancer cells, or treating,                 ameliorating, or preventing, or the miR or anti-miRNA                 can control the tumorigenicity of: a cancer, a                 glioblastoma, a breast cancer or a triple negative                 breast cancer, or a breast cancer that tests negative                 for estrogen receptors (ER-), progesterone receptors                 (PR-), and/or HER2 (HER2-), or             -   optionally the miRNA or anti-miRNA has an effect on the                 cell comprising treating, ameliorating or preventing an                 infection, a viral or bacterial infection, a condition                 or a disease, a metabolic disorder (optionally obesity                 or type 2 diabetes), an immune disorder or autoimmune                 disease, a cancer, a disease or condition caused by a                 cell dysplasia, a hypertrophy, a cardiac hypertrophy or                 a fibrosis;     -   (b) inserting, placing into, transfecting or transducing into         the B lymphocyte: the miRNA or anti-miRNA; the expression         system; or the synthetic miRNA or anti-miRNA;     -   (c) culturing or manipulating the B lymphocyte such that: the B         lymphocyte expresses the one or the plurality of the same or         different of the micro-RNA or anti-miRNA molecules,     -   and optionally further comprising culturing or manipulating the         B lymphocyte such that:         -   a micro-RNA- or anti-miRNA-comprising B lymphocyte             supernatant is generated,         -   a micro-RNA- or anti-miRNA-comprising B lymphocyte             extracellular vesicle (EV) is generated,         -   a micro-RNA- or anti-miRNA-comprising B lymphocyte exosome             is generated, and/or         -   a micro-RNA- or anti-miRNA-comprising B lymphocyte             micro-vesicle is generated; and     -   optionally, a step (d), comprising harvesting or isolating the B         lymphocyte, the B lymphocyte supernatant, B lymphocyte         extracellular vesicle (EV), B lymphocyte exosome or B lymphocyte         micro-vesicle,     -   wherein the B lymphocyte, the B lymphocyte supernatant, B         lymphocyte extracellular vesicle (EV), B lymphocyte exosome or B         lymphocyte micro-vesicle comprises or has contained therein a         plurality of the micro-RNA or anti-miRNA molecules.

In alternative embodiments, provided are methods for manipulating a cell physiology, a cell function, a cellular genome in a cell, a cellular transcriptome in a cell, or a cellular proteome in a cell, wherein optionally the manipulating is in vitro, ex vivo, or in vivo, comprising:

-   -   contacting the cell with, or contacting the cell by         administering to an individual in need thereof:     -   (a) a composition, formulation or pharmaceutical composition or         a B lymphocyte as provided herein, or a composition made by the         method as provided herein; or,     -   (b) a B lymphocyte, or a primary B lymphocyte, optionally a B         lymphocyte autologous to the individual in need thereof, that:         -   secretes at least one microRNA (miR) or anti-miRNA; or,         -   secretes a B lymphocyte extracellular vesicle (EV), a B             lymphocyte exosome or a B lymphocyte micro-vesicle,             comprising: a plurality of miRNA or anti-miRNA, wherein             optionally the plurality of miRNA or anti-miRNA are             synthetic,     -   and the contacting is for a sufficient period of time and under         sufficient conditions such that the plurality of miRNA, or, a B         lymphocyte extracellular vesicle (EV), B lymphocyte exosome or B         lymphocyte micro-vesicle, is transferred to or taken up into the         cell,     -   wherein optionally the cell is contacted in vitro, ex vivo, or         in vivo;     -   and optionally the cell is a T cell, or an activated T cell, or         a T cell activated via its antigen receptor, or a CD8 T cell or         a CD4 T cell,     -   and optionally the cell is a cancer cell, a cancer stem cell or         a dysplastic cell, and optionally the cancer cell is a breast         cancer cell or a triple negative breast cancer, or a breast         cancer cell that tests negative for estrogen receptors (ER-),         progesterone receptors (PR-), and/or HER2 (HER2-), a prostate         cancer cell, a breast cancer cell, a lymphoma cell, a         glioblastoma cell, lung cancer cell, a pancreatic cancer cell,         an ovarian cancer cell, a liver cancer cell, a colon cancer         cell, a medulloblastoma cell, or a salivary gland cancer cell,     -   and optionally the cell or T cell is a mammalian or a human         cell,     -   and optionally the miRNA or anti-miRNA has an effect on the cell         comprising controlling or modulating cell growth, cell         maturation or differentiation, cell death, apoptosis, cell         metabolism, immunity or inflammation, tumorigenicity or tumor         cell size or viability, or     -   and optionally the miRNA or anti-miRNA has an effect on the cell         comprising treating, ameliorating or preventing an infection, a         viral or bacterial infection, a condition or a disease, a         metabolic disorder (optionally obesity or type 2 diabetes), an         immune disorder or autoimmune disease, a cancer, a disease or         condition caused by a cell dysplasia, a hypertrophy, a cardiac         hypertrophy or a fibrosis.

In alternative embodiments, provided are methods for treating, ameliorating, or preventing, or controlling the tumorigenicity of: a cancer, a glioblastoma, a breast cancer or a triple negative breast cancer, or a breast cancer that tests negative for estrogen receptors (ER-), progesterone receptors (PR-), and/or HER2 (HER2-), comprising or by administering to an individual in need thereof:

-   -   (a) a composition, formulation or pharmaceutical composition as         provided herein,     -   (b) a composition made by the method as provided herein; or,     -   (c) a composition, formulation or pharmaceutical composition         comprising: an miR-335, an miR-141, an miR-150, an miR-155, an         miR-15a, an miR-16, an miRNA selected from Table 2, or an miRNA         that down-regulates or decreases the activity of SOX4 mRNA, and         a combination thereof, or an anti-miRNA having a sequence         complementary to the miRNA, or any combination thereof.

In alternative embodiments, provided compositions, formulations or pharmaceutical compositions, comprising:

a B lymphocyte supernatant, a B lymphocyte extracellular vesicle (EV), a B lymphocyte exosome or a B lymphocyte micro-vesicle, comprising:

-   -   (a) a plurality of anti-sense sequences specifically targeted         against at least one microRNA (miR), or an anti-miR (an         antagomir or blockmir),     -   wherein optionally the anti-miR is an anti-miR-150; and/or     -   (b) a plurality of micro-RNA (miRNA) molecules,     -   wherein optionally the miRNA comprises an miR-141, an miR-150,         an miR-155, an miR-335, an miR-138, an miR-449, an miR-15a or an         miR-16, or.     -   and optionally the B lymphocyte supernatant, B lymphocyte         extracellular vesicle (EV), B lymphocyte exosome or B lymphocyte         micro-vesicle is made by a method comprising:     -   (a) providing a B lymphocyte; and providing an expression system         capable of expressing a nucleic acid contained therein in a B         lymphocyte, and the expression system comprises or has contained         therein coding sequence for:         -   i) a plurality of anti-sense sequences specifically targeted             against at least one microRNA (miR), or an anti-miR; or, a             plurality of antagomirs or blockmirs,         -   wherein optionally the anti-miR is an anti-miR-150; and/or         -   (ii) a plurality of micro-RNA (miRNA) molecules,         -   wherein optionally the miRNA comprises miR-141, an miR-150,             an miR-155, an miR-335, an miR-138, an miR-449, an miR-15a             or an miR-16;     -   (b) inserting, placing into or transducing into the B lymphocyte         the expression system, and culturing or manipulating the B         lymphocyte such that it expresses the plurality of anti-microRNA         (miR), or anti-miR, or antagomir or blockmir nucleic acid or         sequence, and/or the plurality of micro-RNA (miRNA) molecules;         and     -   (c) harvesting or isolating the B lymphocyte supernatant, B         lymphocyte extracellular vesicle (EV), B lymphocyte exosome or B         lymphocyte micro-vesicle, wherein the B lymphocyte supernatant,         B lymphocyte extracellular vesicle (EV), B lymphocyte exosome or         B lymphocyte micro-vesicle comprises or has contained therein         the plurality of anti-microRNA (miR), or anti-miR, or antagomir         or blockmir nucleic acid or sequence, and/or the plurality of         micro-RNA (miRNA) molecules.     -   and optionally the B lymphocyte is a mammalian B lymphocyte, or         a human B lymphocyte; or the B lymphocyte is a primary         lymphocyte or an autologous B lymphocyte.     -   and optionally the expression system for expressing the miR or a         plurality of different miRs comprises a plasmid or an expression         vector; a viral or a non-viral plasmid or expression vector; a         DNA plasmid or expression vector; a DNA expression vector; or an         integrating, episomal or non-integrating plasmid or expression         vector; or the expression system is a genome integrating or         genome non-integrating or episomal expression system,     -   wherein optionally the expression system comprises, or has         contained therein, two, three, four or five or more copies of         the microRNA (miR) coding sequence, wherein optionally the         microRNA (miR) coding sequences are the same or different, and         optionally each microRNA (miR) coding sequences is operatively         linked to a different transcriptional regulator, or promoter,     -   and optionally expression system, optionally a plasmid, is         engineered to comprise two (a doublet of) miRs, optionally         miR-335, miR-138 or miR-449, precursor stem loops, two pre-miR         stem loops in tandem with a nucleotide linker, or two miRs,         optionally pre-miR-335, miR-138 or miR-449, stem loops in tandem         with a nucleotide linker,     -   and optionally the expression system, optionally a plasmid, is         engineered to comprise multiple copies of miRs, optionally         miR-335, miR-138 or miR-449, as precursor stem loops, or two or         more pre-miR stem loops in tandem with a nucleotide linker, or         two or more pre-miR stem loops in tandem with a nucleotide         linker.

In alternative embodiments of compositions, formulations or pharmaceutical compositions, as provided herein:

-   -   (i) the plurality of anti-sense sequences specifically targeted         against at least one anti-microRNA (miR) or anti-miR; or, the         plurality of antagomirs or blockmirs, or     -   (ii) the plurality of microRNA (miR) coding sequences,     -   are designed to or are capable of modulating an miRNA or         anti-miR, or a function of an miRNA or anti-miR, that controls         or modulates cell growth, cell maturation or differentiation,         cell death, apoptosis, cell metabolism, immunity or         inflammation, or     -   that by modulation of the miRNA or anti-miR, or the miRNA or         anti-miR function, can therapeutically treat, ameliorate or         prevent an infection, a viral or bacterial infection, a         condition or a disease, a metabolic disorder (optionally obesity         or type 2 diabetes), an immune disorder or autoimmune disease, a         cancer, a disease or condition, optionally caused by a cell         dysplasia, a hypertrophy, a cardiac hypertrophy or a fibrosis.

In alternative embodiments, provided methods for manipulating a cell physiology, a cell function, a cellular genome in a cell, a cellular transcriptome in a cell, or a cellular proteome in a cell, comprising:

-   -   contacting the cell with, or administering to an individual in         need thereof:     -   (i) a composition, formulation or pharmaceutical composition as         provided herein, or a composition, formulation or pharmaceutical         composition made by the method as provided herein; or,     -   (ii) a B lymphocyte, or a primary B lymphocyte, that:         -   secretes at least one microRNA or anti-miR, or, antagomir or             blockmir, and/or secretes an miRNA; or,         -   secretes a B lymphocyte extracellular vesicle (EV), a B             lymphocyte exosome or a B lymphocyte micro-vesicle,             comprising: a plurality of anti-sense sequences specifically             targeted against at least one microRNA (miR), or anti-miR;             or, a plurality of antagomirs or blockmirs, and/or a             plurality of miRNA,         -   and the contacting is for a sufficient period of time and             under sufficient conditions such that the at least one             microRNA (miR), or anti-miR, or, antagomir or blockmir, or             at least one miRNA, or, a B lymphocyte extracellular vesicle             (EV), B lymphocyte exosome or B lymphocyte micro-vesicle, is             transferred to or taken up into the cell,         -   wherein optionally the cell is contacted in vitro, ex vivo,             or in vivo; and optionally the cell is a T cell, or an             activated T cell, or a T cell activated via its antigen             receptor, or a CD8 T cell or a CD4 T cell,         -   and optionally the cell is a cancer cell, a cancer stem cell             or a dysplastic cell, and optionally the cancer cell is a             prostate cancer cell, a breast cancer cell, a lymphoma cell,             a glioblastoma cell, lung cancer cell, a pancreatic cancer             cell, an ovarian cancer cell, a liver cancer cell, a colon             cancer cell, a medulloblastoma cell, or a salivary gland             cancer cell,         -   and optionally the cell or T cell is a mammalian or a human             cell,         -   and optionally the plurality of anti-sense sequences             specifically targeted against at least one microRNA (miR),             or anti-miR; or, the plurality of antagomirs or blockmirs,             and/or miRNA, are designed to or are capable of modulating             an miRNA or an miRNA function:             -   that controls or modulates cell growth, cell maturation                 or differentiation, cell death, apoptosis, cell                 metabolism, immunity or inflammation, or             -   that by its modulation can therapeutically treat,                 ameliorate or prevent an infection, a viral or bacterial                 infection, a condition or a disease, a metabolic                 disorder (optionally obesity or type 2 diabetes), an                 immune disorder or autoimmune disease, a cancer, a                 disease or condition caused by a cell dysplasia, a                 hypertrophy, a cardiac hypertrophy or a fibrosis.

In alternative embodiments, provided are methods for:

-   -   treating, ameliorating, or preventing an inflammation, a         disease, a condition, an infection, a cancer, or as an adjuvant         strategy to determine the fate of T cells during an immune         reaction or a vaccination, or to restrict the development of         FoxP3⁺ T cells,     -   for treating, ameliorating, preventing, regulating or modulating         any inflammation, disease, condition, infection or cancer         capable of being regulated, treated, ameliorated or prevented by         modulation or inhibition or expression of an miRNA, or     -   suppressing an oncomir or restoring an miRNA that suppresses an         oncogene or a metastasis,     -   the method comprising administering to an individual in need         thereof:         -   (i) a composition, formulation or pharmaceutical composition             as provided herein; or,         -   (ii) a B lymphocyte, or a primary B lymphocyte, that:             -   secretes at least one microRNA (miR), or anti-miR, or,                 antagomir or blockmir, and/or secretes an miRNA; or,             -   secretes a B lymphocyte extracellular vesicle (EV), a B                 lymphocyte exosome or a B lymphocyte micro-vesicle,                 comprising: a plurality of anti-sense sequences                 specifically targeted against at least one microRNA                 (miR), or anti-miR; or, a plurality of antagomirs or                 blockmirs, and/or a plurality of miRNA,             -   and the contacting is for a sufficient period of time                 and under sufficient conditions such that the at least                 one microRNA (miR), or anti-miR, or, antagomir or                 blockmir, or at least one miRNA, or, a B lymphocyte                 extracellular vesicle (EV), B lymphocyte exosome or B                 lymphocyte micro-vesicle, is transferred to or taken up                 into the cell,             -   wherein optionally the cell is contacted in vitro, ex                 vivo, or in vivo; and optionally the cell is a T cell,                 or an activated T cell, or a T cell activated via its                 antigen receptor, or a CD8 T cell or a CD4 T cell,             -   and optionally the cell is a cancer cell, a cancer stem                 cell or a dysplastic cell, and optionally the cancer                 cell is a prostate cancer cell, a breast cancer cell, a                 lymphoma cell, a glioblastoma cell, lung cancer cell, a                 pancreatic cancer cell, an ovarian cancer cell, a liver                 cancer cell, a colon cancer cell, a medulloblastoma                 cell, or a salivary gland cancer cell,             -   and optionally the cell or T cell is a mammalian or a                 human cell,             -   and optionally the plurality of anti-sense sequences                 specifically targeted against at least one microRNA                 (miR), or anti-miR; or, the plurality of antagomirs or                 blockmirs, and/or miRNA, are designed to or are capable                 of modulating an miRNA or an miRNA function:                 -   that controls or modulates cell growth, cell                     maturation or differentiation, cell death,                     apoptosis, cell metabolism, immunity or                     inflammation, or                 -   that by its modulation can therapeutically treat,                     ameliorate or prevent an infection, a viral or                     bacterial infection, a condition or a disease, a                     metabolic disorder (optionally obesity or type 2                     diabetes), an immune disorder or autoimmune disease,                     a cancer, a disease or condition caused by a cell                     dysplasia, a hypertrophy, a cardiac hypertrophy or a                     fibrosis,     -   wherein optionally the miRNA comprises an miR-141, an miR-150,         an miR-155, an miR-335, an miR-138, an miR-449, an miR-15a or an         miR-16, optionally delivered for the treatment, amelioration or         prevention of prostate cancer, breast cancer, a lymphoma, a         glioblastoma, lung cancer, a pancreatic cancer, an ovarian         cancer, a liver cancer, a colon cancer, a medulloblastoma, or a         salivary gland cancer,     -   wherein optionally the miRNA comprises an miR-335, an miR-138,         or an miR-449, optionally delivered for the treatment,         amelioration or prevention of breast cancer, a metastasis, or a         breast cancer metastasis.

In alternative embodiments, provided are kits comprising a composition, formulation or pharmaceutical composition as provided herein, or a composition, formulation or pharmaceutical composition made by the method as provided herein.

In alternative embodiments, provided are methods for making a B lymphocyte supernatant, a B lymphocyte extracellular vesicle (EV), a B lymphocyte exosome or a B lymphocyte micro-vesicle comprising a micro-RNA (miRNA) molecule, the method comprising:

-   -   (a) providing a B lymphocyte; and providing an expression system         capable of expressing a nucleic acid contained therein in the B         lymphocyte, and the expression system comprises or has contained         therein coding sequence for:         -   one or a plurality of the same or different micro-RNA (miR)             or anti-miR molecules,         -   wherein optionally the miR or anti-miR is selected from the             group consisting of: an miR-335, an miR-138, an miR-449, an             miR-141, an miR-150, an miR-155, an miR-15a, an miR-16 or an             miR as set forth in Table 2, or an miRNA that down-regulates             or decreases the activity of SOX4 mRNA, and a combination             thereof, or for the or anti-miR, a sequence complementary to             the miR; and     -   (b) inserting, placing into or transducing into the B lymphocyte         the expression system, and culturing or manipulating the B         lymphocyte such that: the B lymphocyte expresses the one or         plurality of same or different micro-RNA or anti-miR molecules,         and optionally further comprising culturing or manipulating the         B lymphocyte such that: a micro-RNA- or anti-miR-comprising B         lymphocyte supernatant is generated, a B lymphocyte         extracellular vesicle (EV) is generated, a B lymphocyte exosome         is generated, and/or a B lymphocyte micro-vesicle is generated;         and     -   optionally (c) harvesting or isolating the B lymphocyte, the B         lymphocyte supernatant, B lymphocyte extracellular vesicle (EV),         B lymphocyte exosome or B lymphocyte micro-vesicle, wherein the         B lymphocyte, the B lymphocyte supernatant, B lymphocyte         extracellular vesicle (EV), B lymphocyte exosome or B lymphocyte         micro-vesicle comprises or has contained therein a plurality of         the micro-RNA (miRNA) molecules.

In alternative embodiments, the compositions, formulations or pharmaceutical compositions, as provided herein are for use in:

-   -   manipulating a cell physiology, a cell function, a cellular         genome in a cell, a cellular transcriptome in a cell, or a         cellular proteome in a cell, wherein optionally the manipulating         is in vitro, ex vivo, or in vivo;     -   modulation of an miRNA or an miRNA function that can         therapeutically treat, ameliorate or prevent an infection, a         viral or bacterial infection, a condition or a disease, a         metabolic disorder (optionally obesity or type 2 diabetes), an         immune disorder or an autoimmune disease, a cancer, a disease or         condition, optionally caused by a cell dysplasia, a hypertrophy,         a cardiac hypertrophy or a fibrosis; or     -   regulating immunity or a metabolism, or for treating,         ameliorating, or preventing an inflammation, a disease, a         condition, an infection, a cancer, or as an adjuvant strategy to         determine the fate of T cells during an immune reaction or a         vaccination, or to restrict the development of FoxP3⁺ T cells,     -   for treating, ameliorating, preventing, regulating or modulating         any inflammation, disease, condition, infection or cancer         capable of being regulated, treated, ameliorated or prevented by         modulation or inhibition or expression of an miRNA, or     -   suppressing an oncomir or restoring an miRNA that suppresses an         oncogene or a metastasis.

In alternative embodiments, the compositions, formulations or pharmaceutical compositions, as provided herein are for use in treating, ameliorating, or preventing, or controlling the tumorigenicity of: a cancer, a glioblastoma, a breast cancer or a triple negative breast cancer, or a breast cancer that tests negative for estrogen receptors (ER-), progesterone receptors (PR-), and/or HER2 (HER2-).

The details of one or more embodiments as provided herein are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below. Other features, objects, and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the description and drawings, and from the claims.

All publications, patents, patent applications, and GenBank sequences cited herein are hereby expressly incorporated by reference for all purposes.

DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

The drawings set forth herein are illustrative of embodiments as provided herein and are not meant to limit the scope of the invention as encompassed by the claims.

FIG. 1A schematically illustrates an exemplary plasmid DNA encoding anti-miR-150)(pCMV-MIR^(a15)), this plasmid codes for the 22 base pairs (bp) corresponding to anti-miR-150 (antisense) under the control of a CMV promoter, where the DNA CTGGTACAGGCCTGGGGGATAG is SEQ ID NO:1, and the RNA CUGGUACAGGCCUGGGGGAUAG is SEQ ID NO:2; as discussed in detail in Example 1, below.

FIG. 1B graphically illustrates that primary B lymphocytes synthesize approximately 140 copies/cell of anti-miR-150 in the first 18 hrs in transfected B lymphocytes (based on intra-cellular synthesis values); as discussed in detail in Example 1, below.

FIG. 1C graphically illustrates that anti-miR-150 molecules were abundantly secreted in the culture medium 18 hrs after transfection, where over an 18 hr period each cell secretes on average 3,000 copies; as discussed in detail in Example 1, below.

FIG. 2A schematically illustrates an exemplary protocol as provided herein to show that anti-miR-150 secreted by primary B lymphocytes could be internalized by CD8 T cells specifically during antigen activation by dendritic cells (DC); bone marrow-derived CD11b⁺/CD11c⁺ DC (BMDC) were cultured in vitro with antigen ovalbumin (OVA) for 16 hrs before adding naïve CD8 T cells from transgenic OT-I mice that express a T cell receptor (TCR) specific for the SIINFEKL (SEQ ID NO:3) OVA peptide presented in WIC Class I molecules, and an anti-miR-150 containing supernatant from 18 hr culture of transfected primary B lymphocytes; as discussed in detail in Example 1, below.

FIG. 2B illustrates images of cell flow cytometry analysis showing cells stained for CD44 and CD69 in co-cultures of naïve and cross-primed T cells using the exemplary protocol of FIG. 2A; as discussed in detail in Example 1, below.

FIG. 2C graphically illustrates data from a copy number analysis of CD8 T cells from the co-cultures of the exemplary protocol of FIG. 2A, which showed that anti-miR-150 was amplified in cross-primed T cells in every instance in which the anti-miR-150 enriched supernatant from transfected primary B lymphocytes was added; as discussed in detail in Example 1, below.

FIG. 2D graphically illustrates fold modulation (RQ) of endogenous miR-150 in CD8 T cells of corresponding cultures of the study of FIG. 2A-C; as discussed in detail in Example 1, below.

FIG. 3A schematically illustrates an exemplary protocol as provided herein to show that anti-miR-150 secreted by transfected primary B lymphocytes could undergo internalization by CD8 T cells during cross-priming in vivo.

FIG. 3B illustrates images of cell flow cytometry analysis showing spleen and lymph node CD8 T cells stained for CD44 and CD69 surface in two TCR transgenic strains of mice: OT-I mice specific for OVA and F5 mice whose CD8 T cells bear a TCR specific for the ASNENMDAM (SEQ ID NO:4) peptide of the nucleoprotein (NP) antigen of the influenza A virus (27), as a control.

FIG. 3C-D graphically illustrates data from an anti-miR-150 (FIG. 3C) and miR-150 (FIG. 3D) copy number/cell study in OT-I T cells and F5 T cells.

FIG. 4A schematically illustrates an exemplary protocol as provided herein of in vitro production and isolation of EVs from J558L cells transfected with pCMV-MIR^(a150).

FIG. 4B graphically illustrates data showing the detection of anti-miR-150 in the 120K EV-free supernatant and in the EV-rich pellet of J558L cells after short term transfection with pCMV-MIR^(a150); as discussed in detail in Example 1, below.

FIG. 4C graphically illustrates data showing the fold modulation of anti-miR-150 inside in vitro cross-primed CD8 T cells, and appropriate controls, with or without addition of the 120K EV-free supernatant or EV-rich ultracentrifugation pellet; as discussed in detail in Example 1, below.

FIG. 4D illustrates images of a fluorescence microscopy analysis of CD8 T cells cross-primed in vitro in the presence of PKH67-labeled EVs (left panel), or co-cultured with dendritic cells without OVA (no cross-priming) but in the presence of PKH67-labeled EVs (right panel); as discussed in detail in Example 1, below.

FIG. 5 graphically illustrates data of qRT-PCR using anti-miR-150 primers (ABI), where anti-miR-150 amplification is expressed as the ratio between the fluorescence intensity of the reporter dye (FAM) and that of the passive reference dye (ROX) used for normalization; as discussed in detail in Example 1, below.

FIG. 6A-C graphically illustrates data showing the downregulation of endogenous miR-150 in murine tumor cells treated with the supernatant of J558L cells transfected with pCMV-MIR^(a150); Murine melanoma (B10.F10) (FIG. 6A), lung (LLC) (FIG. 6B) and prostate (TC1) (FIG. 6C) tumor cells, were cultured in a 24-well plate for 48 hrs in RPMI medium containing 1 ml supernatant of J558L cells transfected with pCMV-MIR^(a150) or the supernatant of untransfected J558L cells as a control; Results represent two experiments; as discussed in detail in Example 1, below.

FIG. 7A-C illustrate a schematic representation of plasmids used in the study of Example 1: FIG. 7A: the pre-mir nucleotide sequence of miR-150, miR-155 and anti-miR-155; FIG. 7B: schematic view of pCMV miR-150-miR-155; FIG. 7C, schematic view of pCMV mir-150-anti-miR-155:

FIG. 7A shows the primer nucleotide sequence of:

miR-150 (SEQ ID NO: 5) CCCUGUCUCCCAACCCUUGUACCAGUGCUGUGCCUCAGACCCUGGUACA GGCCUGGGGGAUAGGG, miR-155 (SEQ ID NO: 6) CUGUUAAUGCUAAUUGUGAUAGGGGUUUUGGCCUCUGACUGACUCCUA CCUGUUAGCAUUAACAG, and anti-miR-155 (SEQ ID NO: 7) CUGACCCCUAUCACAAUUAGCAUUAAUUUGGCCUCUGACUGACUCCUAC CUGUUAGCAUUAACAG;

FIG. 7B is a schematic view of the plasmid containing pCMV miR-150, having the sequence TCTCCCAACCCTTGTACCAGT (SEQ ID NO:8), and anti-(shown as “α”)-miR-155, having the sequence TTAATGCTAATTGTGATAGGGGT (SEQ ID NO:9); and,

FIG. 7C is a schematic view of the plasmid containing pCMV mir-150 (SEQ ID NO:8) and anti-miR-155, having the sequence ACCCCTATCACAATTAGCATTAA (SEQ ID NO:10).

FIG. 8 graphically illustrates data showing expression of two mir-150 in B cells (J558L cells) transfected with a single plasmid DNA, where J558L cells were transfected with plasmid DNA encompassing the coding sequence for miR-150 alone, anti-miR-155 alone, or the combination of both (combo), where the data shows that B cells can be programmed for the expression of two short noncoding RNAs; as discussed in detail in Example 1, below.

FIG. 9 graphically illustrates data showing expression of miR-150/anti-miR-155 in B cells (J558L cells) transfected with a single plasmid DNA, where J558L cells were transfected with plasmid DNA encompassing the coding sequence for miR-150 alone, anti-miR-155 alone, or the combination of both (combo), where the data shows that B cells can be programmed for the expression of two short noncoding RNAs; as discussed in detail in Example 1, below.

FIG. 10 graphically illustrates data showing detection of mir-150 and anti-miR-155 in the supernatant of B cells (J558L cells) transfected with a single plasmid DNA, where J558L cells were transfected with plasmid DNA encompassing the coding sequence for miR-150 alone, anti-miR-155 alone, or the combination of both (combo), where the data shows that the supernatant of B cells can be programmed for the biogenesis of two short non-coding RNAs; as discussed in detail in Example 1, below.

FIG. 11 graphically illustrates data showing detection of mir-150 and anti-miR-155 in the supernatant of B cells (J558L cells) transfected with a single plasmid DNA, where J558L cells were transfected with plasmid DNA encompassing the coding sequence for miR-150 alone, anti-miR-155 alone, or miR-150 and anti-miR-155 alone (combo), where the data shows that the supernatant of B cells can be programmed for the biogenesis of two short non-coding RNAs; as discussed in detail in Example 1, below.

FIG. 12 graphically illustrates data showing that it is possible to transfect B cells with a plasmid coding for two miRNA and yield the release of EVs: the data shows expression of mir-150 and miR-155 in EVs released by B cells (J558L cells) transfected with a single plasmid DNA coding for miR-150 alone, miR-155 alone, or two miR-150 (combo), where the data shows miRNA (mirR) enrichment in EVs released by B cells programmed with two short non-coding RNAs; as discussed in detail in Example 1, below.

FIG. 13 graphically illustrates data showing that it is possible to transfect B cells with a plasmid coding for two miRNA and yield the release of EVs: the data shows expression of mir-150 and miR-155 in EVs released by B cells (J558L cells) transfected with a single plasmid DNA coding for miR-150 alone, miR-155 alone, or miR-150 and anti-miR-155 alone (combo), where the data shows miRNA (mirR) enrichment in EVs released by B cells programmed with two short non-coding RNAs; as discussed in detail in Example 1, below.

FIG. 14A-B schematically illustrates copy number/EV quantitation of mir-150 and anti-miR-155 in EVs produced by programmed J558L cells. EVs were isolated from the supernatant of J558L cells transfected with a plasmid coding for miR-150 alone, miR-155 alone, or the combination of both (combo) 48 hrs after transfection and culture in complete medium containing exosome-depleted fetal calf serum. Total RNA extraction and cDNA generation were performed as in FIG. 4 . Samples were pre-amplified and then subject to RT-qPCR amplification using RT-specific primers. Copy number/EV were calculated as described in material and Methods. ST=Sham transfected. Results refer to the mean±SD of two replicate samples. Representative of two experiments, FIG. 14A and FIG. 14B, with comparable results.

FIG. 15 schematically illustrates the expression levels in the murine myeloma cell line J558L, and comparison of them, after transfection with a pCMVmir coding for one or two pre-miR-335 stem loops; as discussed in detail in Example 3, below.

FIG. 16 graphically illustrates data showing the uptake and miR-335 content in LM2 cells incubated in vitro for 48 hrs with iEVs³³⁵ over a range of iEVs:LM2 cell ratios in order to establish the minimum threshold for effective restoration of miR-335 content in target LM2 cells; an increase in copy number followed a dose response curve, with a greater than 4-fold increase over untreated LM2 cells at the 10³ dose; as discussed in detail in Example 3, below.

FIG. 17 graphically illustrates data showing that cargo miR-335 downregulates two miR-335 specific targets, SOX4 (upper panel) and tenascin C (TNC) (lower panel); as discussed in detail in Example 3, below.

FIG. 18 graphically illustrates data showing that cargo miR-335 has no effects on two endogenous genes β-Catenin (beta-Catenin) (CTNNB1) (upper panel) and human TERT (lower panel); as discussed in detail in Example 3, below;

FIG. 19 illustrates data demonstrating that internalization of iEVs containing an enriched miR-335 cargo does not affect the viability of LM2 cells over a period of 96 hours; Upper panel: Unt; middle panel: Sham; lower panel, MiR-335, where in each panel the upper graph is 24 hours (hrs), and middle graph is 48 hrs, and the lower graph is 96 hrs, after internalization; as discussed in detail in Example 3, below.

FIG. 20A-D illustrate data showing the ability of iEVs³³⁵ to control LM2 tumorigenicity, as tested in a model of orthotopic implantation, where LM2 cells were pretreated by incubation with 4×10⁴ fold excess: iEVs³³⁵, or control iEVs, for 48 hours to allow for their uptake/internalization and release of miR-335, and mice were then injected in the fat pad with 4×10⁵ LM2 cells, as discussed in detail in Example 3, below:

FIG. 20A-B illustrates bioluminescence images representative of orthotopic tumors formed by LM2 cells treated with either sham EVs (left image, FIG. 20A) or iEVs-335 (right image, FIG. 20B). Images were obtained on day 60 after implantation.

FIG. 20C graphically illustrates average tumor size or volume (mm³) of tumors born out of LM2 cells untreated (N=6), pretreated with sham iEVs (N=5) or iEVs-335 (N=9) implanted in the fat pad of NSG mice, as described in Example 3, below.

FIG. 20D graphically illustrates tumor weight (gr) of tumors born out of LM2 cells untreated (N=6), pretreated with sham iEVs (N=5) or iEVs-335 (N=4) implanted in the fat pad of NSG mice, as described in Example 3, below.

FIG. 20E-H illustrate data from studies measuring the levels of miR-335 in tumors excised to see if the effect was associated with a higher content of miR-335 in LM2 tumors in which miR-335 content was restored therapeutically, as described in Example 3, below.

FIG. 20E graphically illustrates that endogenous values for miR-335 were 1.0±0.06 for the 6 control mice and 0.8±0.02 for tumors treated with control iEVs, whereas they were significantly higher (4.7±0.7) in the four tumors borne of LM2 cells pretreated with iEVs³³⁵ prior to implantation in vivo, as described in Example 3, below.

FIG. 20F graphically illustrates that no differences were detected in the endogenous levels of let-7a, a miRNA used as a control in the same tumor groups as in FIG. 20D, as described in Example 3, below.

FIG. 20G-H graphically illustrates data showing that restoration of miR-335 in LM2 cells had effects on its target; mRNA levels of endogenous SOX4 (FIG. 20G) and TNC (FIG. 20H) (see FIG. 13F, left and right panels, in the same tumor groups as in FIG. 20E, as described in Example 3, below.

FIG. 20I-J graphically illustrates data no variation was noted in the mRNA levels of two unrelated endogenous genes, CTNNB1 and TERT (see FIG. 13G, left (FIG. 20I) and right (FIG. 20J) panels, respectively) in the same tumor groups as in FIG. 20E, as described in Example 3, below.

FIG. 21A-B graphically illustrates data showing that restoration of miR-335 (FIG. 21A) and downregulation of SOX4 in LM2 cells (FIG. 21B) lasts up to 8 days after initial treatment with iEVs-335, as described in Example 3, below.

FIG. 22 illustrates an image of a Western blot analysis showing that EVs produced by programmed J558L cells express CD63; as described in Example 2, below.

Like reference symbols in the various drawings indicate like elements.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In alternative embodiments, provided are methods and compositions for modulating evolutionarily conserved short (approximately 20 to 30 nucleotides) non-coding RNAs, or microRNAs, which are powerful regulators of gene expression in a variety of physiological and pathological processes. In alternative embodiments, provided are methods and compositions for effectively and efficiently modulating microRNA (miR) function, and therapeutic uses thereof. In alternative embodiments, methods and compositions as provided herein modulate microRNA (miR) function by generating and delivering anti-sense sequences against microRNA (miR), or anti-miR, also called antagomirs or blockmirs, which in alternative embodiments are oligonucleotides that can modulate, inhibit or silence endogenous microRNA (miR) or otherwise intracellular microRNA (miR), e.g., viral microRNA (miR). In alternative embodiments, antagomirs used to practice embodiments provided herein can prevent other molecules from binding to a desired site on a nucleic acid, e.g., a DNA or an RNA, or a gene or an mRNA molecule (a message).

In alternative embodiments, methods and compositions as provided herein can be used to manipulate, e.g., inhibit or accelerate, or decrease or increase the rate of production or expression of, or increase or decrease the stability of, any gene or message by the efficient delivery in vivo (e.g., to an individual in need thereof) of the appropriate miR or antagomir. In alternative embodiments, methods and compositions as provided herein can be used to manipulate any genetic, cellular or biological system controlled or generated at least in part by an miRNA, e.g., including cell growth, maturation and differentiation, cell death (e.g., apoptosis), metabolism, immunity and inflammation, by the efficient delivery in vivo of the appropriate miR or antagomir. In alternative embodiments, methods and compositions as provided herein can be used to therapeutically treat, ameliorate or prevent an infection (a viral or bacterial infection), a condition or a disease, e.g., a disease such as cancer or a disease or condition caused by any cell dysplasia, cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis, by the efficient delivery in vivo of the appropriate antagomir.

Nucleic acids used to practice embodiments provided herein, whether RNA, cDNA, genomic DNA, vectors, viruses or hybrids thereof, may be isolated from a variety of sources, genetically engineered, amplified, and/or expressed/generated recombinantly (recombinant polypeptides can be modified or immobilized to arrays in accordance with embodiments provided herein). Any recombinant expression system can be used, including bacterial, mammalian, yeast, insect or plant cell expression systems. Nucleic acids used to practice embodiments provided herein can be synthesized in vitro by well-known chemical synthesis techniques, as described in, e.g., Carruthers (1982) Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 47:411-418; Adams (1983) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 105:661; Belousov (1997) Nucleic Acids Res. 25:3440-3444; Frenkel (1995) Free Radic. Biol. Med. 19:373-380; Blommers (1994) Biochemistry 33:7886-7896; Narang (1979) Meth. Enzymol. 68:90; Brown (1979) Meth. Enzymol. 68:109; Beaucage (1981) Tetra. Lett. 22:1859; U.S. Pat. No. 4,458,066. Alternatively, nucleic acids can be obtained from commercial sources. Double stranded DNA fragments may then be obtained either by synthesizing the complementary strand and annealing the strands together under appropriate conditions, or by adding the complementary strand using DNA polymerase with a primer sequence. Techniques for the manipulation of nucleic acids, such as, e.g., subcloning, labeling probes (e.g., random-primer labeling using Klenow polymerase, nick translation, amplification), sequencing, hybridization and the like are well described in the scientific and patent literature, see, e.g., Sambrook, ed., MOLECULAR CLONING: A LABORATORY MANUAL (2ND ED.), Vols. 1-3, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, (1989); CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, Ausubel, ed. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York (1997); LABORATORY TECHNIQUES IN BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY: HYBRIDIZATION WITH NUCLEIC ACID PROBES, Part I. Theory and Nucleic Acid Preparation, Tijssen, ed. Elsevier, N.Y. (1993). The nucleic acids used to practice embodiments provided herein, whether RNA, iRNA, siRNA, antisense nucleic acid, cDNA, genomic DNA, vectors, viruses or hybrids thereof, may be isolated from a variety of sources, genetically engineered, amplified, and/or expressed/generated recombinantly. Recombinant polypeptides generated from these nucleic acids can be individually isolated or cloned and tested for a desired activity. Any recombinant expression system can be used, including bacterial, mammalian, yeast, insect or plant cell expression systems. Techniques for the manipulation of nucleic acids, such as, e.g., subcloning, labeling probes (e.g., random-primer labeling using Klenow polymerase, nick translation, amplification), sequencing, hybridization and the like are well described in the scientific and patent literature, see, e.g., Sambrook, ed., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual (2nd ed.), Vols. 1-3, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, (1989); Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Ausubel, ed. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York (1997); Laboratory Techniques in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology: Hybridization with Nucleic Acid Probes, Part I. Theory and Nucleic Acid Preparation, Tijssen, ed. Elsevier, N.Y. (1993).

Provided are expression systems, e.g., plasmids or vectors, comprising a nucleic acid, e.g., microRNA (miR), or anti-miR, or, antagomir or blockmir, used to practice a composition or method as provided herein. Provided are expression vehicles comprising an expression cassette (e.g., a vector) as provided herein or a nucleic acid e.g., microRNA (miR), or anti-miR, or, antagomir or blockmir, used to practice a composition or method as provided herein. The cloning vehicle can be a vector, a non-viral or a viral vector, a plasmid, a phage, a phagemid, a cosmid, a fosmid, a bacteriophage or an artificial chromosome. The viral vector can comprise an adenovirus vector, a retroviral vector or an adeno-associated viral vector. The cloning vehicle can comprise a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC), a plasmid, a bacteriophage P1-derived vector (PAC), a yeast artificial chromosome (YAC), or a mammalian artificial chromosome (MAC). Provided are transformed cells comprising a nucleic acid, a microRNA (miR), or anti-miR, or, antagomir or blockmir, used to practice a composition or method as provided herein, or an expression cassette (e.g., a vector) used to practice embodiments provided herein.

Pharmaceutical Compositions and Formulations

In alternative embodiments, provided are pharmaceutical compositions and formulations for practicing methods as provided herein, e.g., methods for preventing or slowing cancer cell proliferation, local and distal metastasis, epithelial to mesenschymal transition (EMT) or the differentiation of cancer initiating/cancer stem cells into more differentiated cancer cells; or, for practicing methods for manipulating a cell physiology, a cell function, a cellular genome in a cell, a cellular transcriptome in a cell, or a cellular proteome in a cell, wherein optionally the manipulating is in vitro, ex vivo, or in vivo. In alternative embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions and formulations comprise a B lymphocyte supernatant or equivalent thereof, a B lymphocyte extracellular vesicle (EV) or equivalent thereof, a B lymphocyte exosome or equivalent thereof, and/or a B lymphocyte micro-vesicle or equivalent thereof, comprising or having contained therein: a plurality of the same or different micro-RNA (miRNA, or miR) molecules, wherein optionally the miRNA is selected from the group consisting of: an miR-335, an miR-141, an miR-150, an miR-155, an miR-15a, an miR-16 and a combination thereof.

In alternative embodiments, compositions used to practice the methods as provided herein are formulated with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. In alternative embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions used to practice the methods as provided herein can be administered parenterally, topically, orally or by local administration, such as by aerosol, subcutaneous or intradermally. The pharmaceutical compositions and formulations can be formulated in any way and can be administered in a variety of unit dosage forms depending upon the condition or disease and the degree of illness, the general medical condition of each patient, the resulting preferred method of administration and the like. Details on techniques for formulation and administration are well described in the scientific and patent literature, see, e.g., the latest edition of Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maack Publishing Co, Easton Pa. (“Remington's”).

Therapeutic agents used to practice the methods as provided herein can be administered alone or as a component of a pharmaceutical formulation (composition). The compounds may be formulated for administration in any convenient way for use in human or veterinary medicine. Wetting agents, emulsifiers and lubricants, such as sodium lauryl sulfate and magnesium stearate, as well as coloring agents, release agents, coating agents, sweetening, flavoring and perfuming agents, preservatives and antioxidants can also be present in the compositions.

Formulations of the compositions used to practice the methods as provided herein include those suitable for oral/nasal, topical, parenteral, rectal, and/or intravaginal administration. The formulations may conveniently be presented in unit dosage form and may be prepared by any methods well known in the art of pharmacy. The amount of active ingredient which can be combined with a carrier material to produce a single dosage form will vary depending upon the host being treated, the particular mode of administration. The amount of active ingredient which can be combined with a carrier material to produce a single dosage form will generally be that amount of the compound which produces a therapeutic effect.

Pharmaceutical formulations used to practice the methods as provided herein can be prepared according to any method known to the art for the manufacture of pharmaceuticals. Such drugs can contain preserving agents. A formulation can be admixtured with nontoxic pharmaceutically acceptable excipients which are suitable for manufacture. Formulations may comprise one or more diluents, emulsifiers, preservatives, buffers, excipients, etc. and may be provided in such forms as liquids, powders, emulsions, lyophilized powders, sprays, creams, lotions, controlled release formulations, tablets, pills, gels, on patches, in implants, etc.

In practicing methods provided herein, the pharmaceutical compounds can be delivered by transdermally, by a topical route, formulated as applicator sticks, solutions, suspensions, emulsions, gels, creams, ointments, pastes, jellies, paints, powders, and aerosols.

In practicing methods provided herein, the pharmaceutical compounds can also be delivered as nanoparticles or microspheres for regulated, e.g., fast or slow release in the body. For example, nanoparticles or microspheres can be administered via intradermal injection of the desired composition, which slowly releases subcutaneously; see Rao (1995) J. Biomater Sci. Polym. Ed. 7:623-645; as biodegradable and injectable gel formulations, see, e.g., Gao (1995) Pharm. Res. 12:857-863 (1995); or, as microspheres for oral administration, see, e.g., Eyles (1997) J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 49:669-674. Nanoparticles can also be given intravenously, for example nanoparticles with linkage to biological molecules as address tags could be targeted to specific tissues or organs.

In practicing methods provided herein, the pharmaceutical compounds can be parenterally administered, such as by intravenous (IV) administration or administration into a body cavity or lumen of an organ. These formulations can comprise a solution of active agent dissolved in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Acceptable vehicles and solvents that can be employed are water and Ringer's solution, an isotonic sodium chloride. In addition, sterile fixed oils can be employed as a solvent or suspending medium. For this purpose, any bland fixed oil can be employed including synthetic mono- or diglycerides. In addition, fatty acids such as oleic acid can likewise be used in the preparation of injectables. These solutions are sterile and generally free of undesirable matter. These formulations may be sterilized by conventional, well known sterilization techniques. The formulations may contain pharmaceutically acceptable auxiliary substances as required to approximate physiological conditions such as pH adjusting and buffering agents, toxicity adjusting agents, e.g., sodium acetate, sodium chloride, potassium chloride, calcium chloride, sodium lactate and the like. The concentration of active agent in these formulations can vary widely, and will be selected primarily based on fluid volumes, viscosities, body weight, and the like, in accordance with the particular mode of administration selected and the patient's needs. For IV administration, the formulation can be a sterile injectable preparation, such as a sterile injectable aqueous or oleaginous suspension. This suspension can be formulated using those suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents. The sterile injectable preparation can also be a suspension in a nontoxic parenterally-acceptable diluent or solvent, such as a solution of 1,3-butanediol. The administration can be by bolus or continuous infusion (e.g., substantially uninterrupted introduction into a blood vessel for a specified period of time).

The pharmaceutical compounds and formulations used to practice the methods as provided herein can be lyophilized. Provided are a stable lyophilized formulation comprising a composition as provided herein, which can be made by lyophilizing a solution comprising a pharmaceutical as provided herein and a bulking agent, e.g., mannitol, trehalose, raffinose, and sucrose or mixtures thereof. A process for preparing a stable lyophilized formulation can include lyophilizing a solution about 2.5 mg/mL protein, about 15 mg/mL sucrose, about 19 mg/mL NaCl, and a sodium citrate buffer having a pH greater than 5.5 but less than 6.5. See, e.g., U.S. patent app. no. 20040028670.

Extracellular Vesicles (EVs), Exosomes Comprising Synthetic RNA

Provided are B lymphocyte supernatants or equivalents thereof, B lymphocyte extracellular vesicles (EVs) or equivalents thereof, B lymphocyte exosomes or equivalents thereof, and/or B lymphocyte micro-vesicles or equivalents thereof comprising synthetic miRs or synthetic anti-miRs.

In alternative embodiments, these synthetic miRs- or synthetic anti-miRs-comprising B lymphocyte extracellular vesicles (EVs) or equivalents thereof, B lymphocyte exosomes or equivalents thereof, and/or B lymphocyte micro-vesicles or equivalents thereof are produced by first inserting into the B lymphocyte the synthetic miRs or synthetic anti-miRs which can be by any means, e.g., by transfection, e.g., by using LIPOFECTIN™. After culturing, the B lymphocytes then produces extracellular vesicles (EVs) or equivalents thereof, B lymphocyte exosomes or equivalents thereof, and/or B lymphocyte micro-vesicles or equivalents thereof comprising the synthetic miRs or synthetic anti-miRs.

Synthetic miRs or synthetic anti-miRs can be made by any means, e.g., as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 9,828,603; 9,139,832; 8,969,317.

Products of Manufacture and Kits

Provided are products of manufacture and kits for practicing methods as provided herein, e.g., methods for preventing or slowing cancer cell proliferation, local and distal metastasis, epithelial to mesenschymal transition (EMT) or the differentiation of cancer initiating/cancer stem cells into more differentiated cancer cells; or, for practicing methods for manipulating a cell physiology, a cell function, a cellular genome in a cell, a cellular transcriptome in a cell, or a cellular proteome in a cell. In alternative embodiment, products of manufacture and kits include instructions for practicing methods as provided herein. In alternative embodiment, products of manufacture and kits comprise compositions for practicing methods as provided herein, e.g., a B lymphocyte supernatant, a B lymphocyte extracellular vesicle (EV), a B lymphocyte exosome, and/or a B lymphocyte micro-vesicle, comprising e.g., a plurality of the same or different micro-RNA molecules.

The invention will be further described with reference to the examples described herein; however, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to such examples.

EXAMPLES

Unless stated otherwise in the Examples, all recombinant DNA techniques are carried out according to standard protocols, for example, as described in Sambrook et al. (1989) Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Second Edition, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, NY and in Volumes 1 and 2 of Ausubel et al. (1994) Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Current Protocols, USA. Standard materials and methods for plant molecular work are described in Plant Molecular Biology Labfax (1993) by R.D.D. Croy, jointly published by BIOS Scientific Publications Ltd (UK) and Blackwell Scientific Publications, UK. Other references for standard molecular biology techniques include Sambrook and Russell (2001) Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Third Edition, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, NY, Volumes I and II of Brown (1998) Molecular Biology LabFax, Second Edition, Academic Press (UK). Standard materials and methods for polymerase chain reactions can be found in Dieffenbach and Dveksler (1995) PCR Primer: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, and in McPherson at al. (2000) PCR—Basics: From Background to Bench, First Edition, Springer Verlag, Germany.

Example 1 In Vivo Delivery of Antagomirs and Therapeutic Uses Thereof

This example demonstrates that methods and compositions as provided herein can be used to manipulate any genetic, cellular or biological system controlled or generated at least in part by an miRNA, e.g., including cell growth, maturation and differentiation, cell death (e.g., apoptosis), metabolism, immunity and inflammation, by the efficient delivery in vivo of the appropriate antagomir. This example demonstrates that methods as provided herein can be used to therapeutically treat, ameliorate or prevent an infection (a viral or bacterial infection), a condition or a disease, e.g., a disease such as cancer or a disease or condition caused by any cell dysplasia, cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis, by the efficient delivery in vivo of the appropriate antagomir.

Here we demonstrate that primary B lymphocytes can be genetically programmed with plasmid DNA, including non-viral plasmids, for the biogenesis and delivery of antagomirs; in particular, that primary B lymphocytes can be genetically programmed with non-viral plasmid DNA for the biogenesis and delivery of the anti-miR miR-150. As described in detail in the Examples, within 18 hours (hrs) of transfection with an anti-miR-150 construct, primary B lymphocytes secrete approximately 3000 antagomir copies/cell of anti-miR-150 molecules. Anti-miR-150 molecules released by B lymphocytes were internalized by CD8 T lymphocytes during cross-priming in vitro and in vivo, resulting in marked downregulation of endogenous miR-150. However, such internalization was not observed in the absence of cross-priming. These results demonstrated that shuttling anti-miR-150 molecules from B lymphocytes to T cells required the activation of receiver T cells via the antigen receptor. Finally, anti-miR-150 synthesized in B cells were secreted both as free and extracellular vesicle (EV)-associated fractions, but only EV-associated anti-miR-150 were apparently taken up by CD8 T cells. Collectively, these data demonstrate that the methods provided herein, which comprise use of primary B lymphocytes to deliver antagomirs in vivo, provide an efficient platform for the synthesis and delivery of short, non-coding RNA, and also provide a new approach to immunogenomic and other genetic therapies.

Transduced or transfected primary B lymphocytes have been previously proposed as vehicles for the synthesis and delivery of proteins of immunological relevance (13, 14). B lymphocytes are an attractive cell type in which to carry gene manipulations for therapeutic purposes because (i) B lymphocytes are abundant in peripheral blood (about 15% of all leukocytes), (ii) develop a formidable translational capacity once activated through the antigen receptor, and (iii) do not need culture, maturation or differentiation to be used as vehicles of DNA-based regulatory functions (15). For instance, we demonstrated that primary B lymphocytes transfected ex vivo with plasmid DNA and injected intravenously (i.v.) into naïve immune competent mice, synthesize and process transgenic molecules thus initiating a systemic T cell response in vivo (16) while persisting in secondary lymphoid organs for approximately 15 days (15). Because the RNAseIII enzymes (Drosha and Dicer) that are required to process plasmid-borne RNA into small RNA, and ultimately single stranded mature miRNA, are functional in primary B lymphocytes (17, 18), we decided to experimentally verify whether the biogenesis and secretion of short, non-coding anti-microRNA molecules could be activated in primary B lymphocytes transfected with suitable plasmid DNA. To this end, experiments were performed targeting miR-150, a miRNA involved in shaping the characteristics of memory CD8 T cells (19), control of B cell lymphopoiesis (20) and in liquid and solid tumors (21, 22).

Here we report that primary murine B lymphocytes transfected with plasmid DNA (pCMV-MIR) comprising the coding sequence for anti-miR-150 efficiently synthesize and secrete functional anti-miRNA molecules, which are taken up by CD8 T lymphocytes during antigen presentation/T cell activation in vitro and in vivo apparently through small vesicles referred herein as extracellular vesicles (EVs), a collective term inclusive of exosomes and micro-vesicles (23). These findings are discussed with respect to the use of suitably programmed primary B lymphocytes for the new forms of miRNA-based therapies as provided by the methods provided herein.

Results

Synthesis and Secretion of anti-mir150 in B Lymphocytes

To test the possibility that primary B lymphocytes could efficiently sustain the synthesis of anti-miRNAs, primary B lymphocytes purified from the spleen of naive adult mice were transfected with plasmid DNA encoding anti-miR-150 (pCMV-MIR^(a150)). This plasmid codes for the 22 bp corresponding to anti-miR-150 (antisense) under the control of the CMV promoter (FIG. 1A). Assuming equal cell distribution, the input during transfection was approximately 3×10⁵ molecules of plasmid/cell. Copies of anti-miR-150 were produced in every instance as determined by copy number in transfected B lymphocytes. Based on intra-cellular synthesis values, we estimated that, on average, primary B lymphocytes synthesize approximately 140 copies/cell in the first 18 hrs (FIG. 1B), with a 4-fold variation in synthetic rate from experiment to experiment. The possibility that the qRT-PCR would amplify the input plasmid was ruled out because the anti-miR-150 specific primers did not amplify the plasmid, suggesting that amplification was specific for the short anti-miR-150 after intra-cellular biogenesis.

Secretion of anti-miR-150 was assessed in the culture supernatant harvested 18 hrs after transfection. Anti-miR-150 molecules were abundantly secreted in the culture medium. When the copy number was adjusted for the number of transfected primary B lymphocytes, we found that over the 18 hr period each cell secretes on average 3,000 copies, many more copies than those estimated inside the cell (FIG. 1C). This finding suggests a rapid cellular export of mature anti-miR-150 with accumulation in the extra-cellular compartment. Collectively, these data show that primary B lymphocytes transfected with pCMV-MIR^(a150) initiate a reproducible, high level synthesis and secretion of specific anti-miRNA molecules.

Uptake of Anti-miR-150 by CD8 T Lymphocytes During Cross Priming In Vitro

Cross-priming is the property of CD8 T cells to be activated by phagocytic antigen presenting cells after uptake of soluble antigen and processing/presentation in the MHC Class I pathway (24). As such, cross-priming is regarded as the preferential mode of activation of CD8 T cells by host antigen presenting cells after uptake of self-tumor antigens (25). Here, we used in vitro cross-priming to test the possibility that anti-miR-150 secreted by primary B lymphocytes could be internalized by CD8 T cells specifically during antigen activation by dendritic cells (DC). Briefly, bone marrow-derived CD11b⁺/CD11c⁺ DC (BMDC) were cultured in vitro with the model antigen ovalbumin (OVA) for 16 hrs before adding (a) naive CD8 T cells from transgenic OT-I mice that express a T cell receptor (TCR) specific for the SIINFEKL (SEQ ID NO:3) OVA peptide presented in MHC Class I molecules (26), and (b) the anti-miR-150 containing supernatant from 18 hr culture of transfected primary B lymphocytes (FIG. 2A). These co-cultures were subsequently incubated for 96 hrs. To ensure that CD8 T cells were activated during cross-priming, cells were stained for CD44 and CD69, two canonical surface markers of activation, and were found to be positive in a large proportion of cross-primed CD8 T cells (FIG. 2B). A copy number analysis of CD8 T cells from these co-cultures revealed that in every instance in which we added the anti-miR-150 enriched supernatant from transfected primary B lymphocytes, anti-miR-150 was markedly amplified in cross-primed T cells (FIG. 2C). In contrast, when the same B lymphocyte supernatant was added to CD8 T cells co-cultured with BMDC without OVA (i.e., no cross-priming) no detectable anti-miR-150 amplification was found. This result suggests that antigen-mediated activation of CD8 T cells via cross-priming is necessary for the internalization of anti-miRNAs.

Transfer Anti-miR-150 from Transfected B Lymphocytes to CD8 T Cells During Cross Priming In Vivo

Next, we tested the possibility that anti-miR-150 secreted by transfected primary B lymphocytes could undergo internalization by CD8 T cells during cross-priming in vivo. To this end, we used and compared two TCR transgenic strains of mice: OT-I mice specific for OVA and F5 mice whose CD8 T cells bear a TCR specific for the ASNENMDAM (SEQ ID NO:4) peptide of the nucleoprotein (NP) antigen of the influenza A virus (27), as a control. To induce cross-priming, mice were pre-injected i.p. with OVA (5 mg) to cause antigen-specific activation of CD8 T cells in secondary lymphoid organs (28). Twenty-four hrs after OVA administration, mice were injected i.v. with 1×10⁶ primary B lymphocytes freshly (<1 hr) transfected with pCMV-MIR^(a150) (FIG. 3A). We reasoned that since F5 mice are specific for influenza virus NP antigen, they would not respond to OVA immunization, hence representing an ideal indicator of any effect due the transfected B lymphocytes outside the context of cross-priming (e.g., passive uptake), and also account for any effect due to OVA. As expected, OVA activated CD8 T cells in OT-I but not in F5 mice as determined by CD44 and CD69 surface staining on spleen and lymph node CD8 T cells purified on day 3 (FIG. 3B). In 7 out of 7 instances, we amplified anti-miR-150 in OT-I CD8 T cells, whereas amplification in CD8 T cells from F5 mice was minimal. The average copy number/cell in OT-I T cells was 4×10⁴ vs. 40 in F5 T cells (FIG. 3C). Thus, anti-miR-150 molecules secreted by transfected primary B lymphocytes are taken-up by CD8 T cells during antigen-specific activation, suggesting local shuttling of anti-miR-150 molecules from B lymphocytes to CD8 T lymphocytes.

In Vitro and In Vivo Down-Modulation of miR-150 in T Cells During Cross-Priming

The expression of miR-150 in mature T lymphocytes is not static and is down regulated by TCR engagement (29), making it an ideal target to assess regulation by exogenous anti-miR-150. To determine if anti-miR-150 secreted by B lymphocytes affects miR-150 expression in target T lymphocytes, we measured miR-150 levels in CD8 T cells cross-primed in vitro and in vivo, respectively. We found that the miR-150 expression in CD8 T cells cross-primed in vitro in the presence of B lymphocyte-derived anti-miR-150 supernatant was considerably reduced (approximately 70%) relative to CD8 T cells cross-primed only (FIG. 2D). miR-150 levels in CD8 T cells from co-cultures in which OVA had been omitted were comparable or even increased relative to baseline controls. In these cells the endogenous levels of an unrelated microRNA (let-7a) used as a control were unaffected by anti-miR-150 treatment. Thus, the uptake of anti-miR-150 by CD8 T cells during in vitro antigen cross-priming resulted in marked and specific decrease of endogenous miR-150 expression. Furthermore, we found that the level of miR-150 in CD8 T cells after cross-priming in vivo was also considerably reduced (approximately 60%) relative to levels in naive OT-I T cells (FIG. 3D), but not in control F5 CD8 T cells in which we observed an increase. These findings suggest that anti-miR-150 molecules secreted by transfected primary B lymphocytes, once internalized by CD8 T lymphocytes cross-primed in vivo, specifically and reproducibly down-regulate endogenous miR-150.

Anti-miR-150 is Highly Enriched in B Cell-Derived EVs, which are Internalized by T Cells During Cross Priming In Vitro

EVs have been shown to mediate the intercellular transfer of short, non-coding RNA (12). To verify if such a mechanism was operative in our model system, we isolated EVs from murine J558L plasmacytoma cells transfected with pCMV-MIR^(a150). After 96 hr culture in EV-free supernatant 2×10⁷ transfected cells were subjected to standard centrifugation and the resulting supernatant ultracentrifuged at 120,000×G (120K) to generate two fractions: an EV-free supernatant and an EV-rich pellet, respectively (FIG. 4A). These two fractions were then interrogated by qRT-PCR for anti-miR-150 content. Anti-miR-150 could be amplified from both the 120K EV-free supernatant and the EV-rich pellet (FIG. 4B). Thus, anti-miRs produced in B cells are released both as free and EV-associated RNA molecules. Next, we sought to determine whether both short RNA species were involved in uptake/internalization by CD8 T cells during cross-priming in vitro. By qPCR we determined that anti-miR-150 could be amplified predominantly in CD8 T cells cross-primed in the presence of EVs (FIG. 4C) but not in cells cross-primed without the addition of EVs or in CD8 T cells co-cultured with BMDC without OVA (i.e., no cross-priming), as expected from previous experiments.

Surprisingly, amplification in CD8 T cells cross-primed in the presence of the 120K EV-free supernatant was very low (FIG. 4C). To directly visualize the internalization of EV in cross-primed CD8 T cells, EV produced by transfected J558L cells were isolated and labeled with the green fluorescent lipid dye PKH67, and added to OT-I CD8 T cells co-cultured with BMDC with or without OVA as illustrated in FIG. 2A. By fluorescence microscopy PKH67-labeled EVs could be visualized inside CD8 T cells during cross-priming, but not inside CD8 T cells co-cultured with dendritic cells without OVA (i.e., no cross-priming) in the presence of PKH67-labeled EVs (FIG. 4D), indicating that PKH67-labeled EV translocate to CD8 T cells specifically during antigen activation. We estimated that 40% of cross-primed CD8 T cells contain labeled EVs, with approximately 50 EVs per cell (Table 51). Collectively, these experiments demonstrate that upon transfection primary B lymphocytes secrete EVs with an anti-miR-150 cargo that are taken up by activated CD8 T cells.

Discussion

These results demonstrate that primary B lymphocytes transfected with suitably engineered plasmid DNA efficiently synthesize and secrete anti-miR-150 molecules that can be internalized by CD8 T cells during antigen-mediated activation, in vitro and in vivo. Anti-miR-150 molecules produced in primary B lymphocytes also effectively down-regulate endogenous miR-150 levels in cross-primed CD8 T lymphocytes. Finally, we show that EVs serve as the likely vehicle through which anti-miR-150 molecules are shuttled into receiver CD8 T cells. Collectively, these results demonstrate the effectiveness of methods as provided herein for delivering antagomirs in vivo, and that the methods as provided herein provide a new function for B lymphocytes, including the synthesis and secretion of functional short, non-coding RNAs, including (noting the invention is not limited by any particular mechanism of action) their release in the form of EVs.

Provided are methods and compositions to modulate any microRNA, which are powerful regulators of biological processes through translational repression and/or mRNA degradation, mechanisms different from the canonical role of mRNA. Provided are methods for manipulating these mechanisms of action, e.g., including modulating miRNAs that regulate immunity, inflammation and cancer. Provided are methods for manipulating the fate of memory CD8 T cells, which are regulated by a discrete number of selected miRNAs, including miR-150, whose manipulation enables one to direct CD8 T cell fate predictably (19).

The data presented here demonstrate that B lymphocyte-derived anti-miR-150 molecules are internalized in CD8 T cells when these cells are activated by antigen-presenting cells. This implies that the use of B lymphocytes as synthesis and delivery vehicles of short, non-coding RNAs to regulate adaptive T cell immunity is not only possible but also endowed with an intrinsic fail-safe mechanism that limits the effect to antigen-activated CD8 T cells. Our data point to the fact that T cells are permissive to internalization of regulatory RNA only during an antigen-driven immune response, i.e., antigen presentation and activation by antigen presenting cells (dendritic cells). As such, methods provided herein can be used, e.g., as an adjuvant strategy to determine the fate of T cells during, e.g., vaccination (19), to restrict the development of FoxP3⁺ T cells (30), and/or to modulate inflammation (31). In alternative embodiments, methods as provided herein are used therapeutically to treat, ameliorate or prevent inflammatory conditions and autoimmune diseases (6).

In alternative embodiments, methods as provided herein are used therapeutically to manipulate miRNA “signatures” have been increasingly associated with various types of cancer, different stages of tumorigenesis and cancer prognosis (32-34). In alternative embodiments, methods as provided herein are used therapeutically to modulate miRNAs in cancer stems, e.g., modulate the over-expression of oncogenic miRNAs (“oncomirs”) caused by genomic deletion, mutation, epigenetic silencing, and/or miRNA processing alterations, or modulate the loss of suppressor miRNAs (reviewed in (35)).

As an initial proof of principle, we found that murine cancer cells treated in vitro with a primary B lymphocyte supernatant containing anti-miR-150 molecules markedly down-regulate the levels of endogenous miR-150 (FIG. S4). And while the mechanism of miRNA transmission to cancer cells needs to be further investigated, our findings suggest that primary B lymphocytes programmed for the synthesis and secretion of short non-coding RNAs may be used to target cancer cells to either (i) suppress oncomirs (36), or (ii) restore miRNAs that suppress oncogenes or metastases (37, 38). Similarly, the approach may be used to modulate the tumor microenvironment by targeting miRNA that drive mutator activity (39) or promote the metastatic potential of cancer cells (40).

EVs have been implicated in the transfer of miRNAs and mRNAs as a novel mechanism of genetic exchange between cells (41). Many cell types can form and secrete EVs: B lymphocytes in particular have been the object of two reports (42, 43). However, in one case the miRNA content of the EVs was not interrogated, and, in the other, B cells were infected with Epstein Barr virus. At variance, here we show that primary B lymphocytes can be programmed with plasmid DNA to form and secrete EVs containing a cargo of anti-miR-150 molecules, and that these EVs apparently enable and mediate internalization by CD8 T cells (FIGS. 4C and D). Transmission by EVs likely protects the cargo, e.g., miRNA, from RNase degradation, ensuring stability and providing for a mechanism to cross the hydrophilic cell membrane. Whereas the exact mechanism of EV internalization by activated CD8 T cells remains to be clarified, EV-encapsulation of miRNA by B lymphocytes may offer advantages over soluble miRNA molecules that are also released by B lymphocytes.

In conclusion, we demonstrate that the methods and compositions as provided herein are effective for programming primary B lymphocytes for the synthesis and secretion of short, non-coding RNA molecules for miRNA-based therapies. Since autologous B lymphocytes transfected with plasmid DNA have already been used in humans in the context of therapeutic vaccination (44), the new type of “immunogenomic therapy” exemplified here can undergo rapid clinical translation.

Materials and Methods

Mice. C57BL/6 mice were originally purchased from the Jackson Laboratories. TCR transgenic OT-I mice (C57BL/6; Thy1.2⁺) that are specific for the SIINFEKL OVA peptide (26) were obtained from Dr. Stephen Hedrick (UCSD). TCR transgenic RAG^(−/−) F5 mice are specific for the ASNENMDAM peptide of the nucleoprotein (NP) antigen of the influenza A virus (27) and were obtained from the National Institute of Health (Bethesda, Md.) courtesy of Dr. Jonathan Yewdell. All mice were maintained in the animal facility of the UCSD Moores Cancer Center. All animals were handled in strict accordance with good animal practice as defined by the relevant national and/or local animal welfare bodies, and all animal work was performed based on a protocol approved by the Institutional Animal Subject Committee (UCSD No. S00023).

Plasmid DNA, microRNA, oligonucleotides and antigens. Plasmid DNA expressing anti-miRNA150)(pCMV-MIR^(a150) is a 6.2 kb vector (Origene; Rockville, Md.) into which an 82 bp insert, containing the coding sequence for the 22 bp corresponding to anti-miR-150 (FIG. 1A), was cloned using Sgf I and Mlu I restriction sites. The expression of the anti-miRNA precursor is driven by a CMV promoter (FIG. 1A). Synthetic anti-miR-150 and snoRNA202 was purchased from Integrated DNA Technology (IDT; Indiana). Gene-specific primers for mmu-miR-150, and anti-miR150, let-7a, and snoRNA202 (endogenous control) were purchased from Applied Biosystems (ABI; Sunnyvale, Calif.). Ovalbumin (OVA) was purchased from Sigma (Grade II; Lot No. 20H0763).

Transfection procedures. Primary B lymphocytes were isolated by negative selection (StemCell Tech) from the spleen of C57BL/6 or F5 mice, and were transfected with plasmid pCMV-MIR^(a150) using the Amaxa Cell Line Nucleofector Kit™ (Lonza). Briefly, 5×10⁶ cells were transfected with 2 μg of plasmid DNA in the buffer solution provided by the manufacturer. After transfection, the cells were re-suspended in 2 mL of complete RPMI medium, plated on a 6-well tissue culture plate, and incubated a 37° C. in a 5% CO2 atmosphere. Untransfected B lymphocytes were plated and used as a negative control. Transfected and negative control cells, and their supernatants, were harvested at the end of 18 hr culture, unless otherwise specified.

qRT-PCR. MicroRNA was extracted from the cells using either the RNAGEM Tissue PLUS™ (Zygem) or the mirVana PARIS Kit™ (Life Technologies). MicroRNA in supernatant samples were isolated using either the mirVANA PARIS Kit™ (Life Technologies) or the miRNeasy Serum/Plasma Kit™ (Qiagen). cDNA was synthesized from the purified microRNA using the High Capacity cDNA Synthesis Kit™ (Life Technologies) with snoRNA202, miR-150, let-7a, or anti-miR150 primers (ABI). qRT-PCR was performed on an ABI StepOne™ system using TaqMan™ reagents for 50 cycles using validated FAM-labeled mouse snoRNA202, miR-150, anti-miR150, and let-7a TaqMan primer/probe sets (Life Technologies) under universal cycling conditions. Target gene expression was normalized to snoRNA202, and analyzed using the −ΔΔCt relative quantification method.

Relative quantification and copy number determination. To determine the copy number of anti-miR-150, samples normalized at 100 ng cDNA/reaction were run concomitantly with a standard curve constructed with known amounts (100-0.01 ng) of anti-miR-150 cDNA. The endogenous control standard curve was constructed using known amounts (100-0.01 ng) of snoRNA202 cDNA. Let-7a total cDNA was similarly extracted, quantified and adjusted to 100 ng/μL. cDNA was generated with Applied Biosystems (ABI) let-7a (002478) and snoRNA202 (001232) specific reverse transcription primers. Samples were run in duplicate with anti-miR150 and snoRNA202 FAM-labeled probe/primer sets. Relative expression was determined by comparing untreated to experimental samples. In all instances, the Ct value of the endogenous control was subtracted from the Ct value of target. Once the amount (ng) of specific target was determined, the copy number present in each reaction was calculated using the following formula: (ng×6.0223×10²³)/(number of nucleotides×1.0×10^(9×650)) as indicated in http://www.uic.edu/depts/rrc/cgf/realtime/stdcurve.html.

BMDC Generation and CD8 T cell cross-priming in vitro. The preparation of bone marrow derived DC (BMDC) and the isolation of CD8 T cells by negative selection (StemCell Tech) are described in (19). As indicated BMDC were supplemented or not with heat-treated (63° C.×25 min) OVA (1 mg/mL) for 16 hrs prior to adding naïve CD8⁺ T cells isolated from spleen and lymph nodes cell of OT-I mice. The yield and purity of transgenic OT-I CD8 T cells was determined by Vα2/CD8 positivity by flow cytometry, and was >90%. 2.5×10⁵ Vα2⁺/CD8⁺ T cells were then co-cultured with 10⁵ BMDC in complete RPMI medium or in complete RPMI medium containing 50% v/v supernatant from pCMV-MIR^(a150) transfected primary B lymphocytes for 96 hrs. T cells were recovered from 96-hr co-cultures using Lympholyte M™ (Cedar Lane), and analyzed by flow cytometry and qPCR.

In vivo studies. Six to 14 week old OT-I or F5 mice were injected i.p. with 5 mg heat-treated (63° C.×25 min) OVA according to (28). Twenty-four hrs later mice were injected i.v. with 10⁶ primary C57BL/6 B lymphocytes that had been negatively selected from a spleen cell suspension and transfected with plasmid pCMV-MIR^(a150). B lymphocytes were used within 1 hr from transfection. Mice were sacrificed after 48 hrs (i.e., 3 days after OVA injection) and CD8⁺ T cells were negatively selected from spleen and lymph nodes and analyzed as indicated in the text.

Flow cytometry. Single cell suspensions of CD8+ T cells were stained with fluorophore-conjugated anti-CD8α (eBioscience, clone Ly-2), anti-CD69 (BD Biosciences, clone H12F3), anti-CD44 (BD Biosciences, clone IM7), and anti-Vα2 (BD Biosciences, clone B20.1) antibodies, or appropriate isotype controls. Viability was determined by 7-AAD exclusion. Data were acquired on a FACSCalibur™ flow cytometer (Becton Dickinson) and analyzed using CellQuest Pro™ (BD Biosciences) and FlowJo software (Tree Star).

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) Isolation: For the purpose of isolating EVs, transfection experiments were performed in J558L mouse plasmacytoma cells (45). Briefly, 5×10⁶ J558L cells were transfected using the Lonza Amaxa Cell Line Nucleofector Kit V™. Cells were transfected with plasmid pCMV-MIR^(a150) (2 μg). After transfection cells were placed in fresh EV-depleted medium prepared by ultracentrifugation of RPMI supplemented with 20% FBS at 120,000×g for 18 hours at 4° C. The medium was then diluted to a final concentration of 10% FBS prior to use. Transfected J558L cells were cultured in EV-free RPMI at 37° C. for 96 hrs after which the EV fraction was isolated by differential centrifugation. Briefly, conditioned media were first centrifuged at 2000×g for 20 minutes to remove cellular debris. The supernatant was collected and further centrifuged at 10,000×g for 30 minutes. The resultant supernatant was then transferred to ultracentrifuge tubes for ultracentrifugation at 120,000×g for 2 hrs. The supernatant was discarded and the EV pellets were re-suspended in PBS for storage at −80° C. prior to RNA isolation. All centrifugation steps were performed at 4° C.

Fluorescence microscopy study. To visualize the uptake of vesicles by cross-primed OT-I CD8 T cells (FIG. 4 ), EVs were labeled with the fluorescent dye PKH67 (Sigma) according to manufacturer's protocol. Briefly, 4 μl of PKH67 was added to 1 ml of Diluent C and mixed thoroughly before the dye solution was combined with EVs that has been resuspended in 1 ml of Diluent C. After gently mixing for 5 minutes, 2 ml of 1% BSA was added to bind the excess dye. Labeled EVs were pelleted and washed with PBS by ultracentrifugation at 120,000×g for 2 hours at 4° C. Freshly-prepared PKH67-labeled EVs were added to co-cultures of BMDC and OT-I CD8 T cells on day 1 using 50 μl of EVs in 1 mL of standard culture medium. Co-cultures grown in 1 ml of the 120,000×g EV-free spin supernatant served as controls. In both instances, CD8 T cells were harvested on day 4 as detailed above and centrifuged onto a glass slide using a CytoSpin 2 centrifuge (Shandon) and mounted using ProLong Gold antifade reagent with DAPI (Invitrogen). Slides were analyzed on a BZ-9000™ Biorevo fluorescence microscope (Keyence Corporation of America).

Statistical methods to analyzed the data included: Unpaired, two-tailed t test, non-parametric, Mann-Whitney test. Significance is reported as: *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001.

TABLE 1 Quantification of EV translocation efficiency to cross-primed CD8 T cells.: OT-I CD8 T cells were cross-primed in the presence of PKH67-labeled extracellular vesicles (EVs). The extent of successful EV translocation was quantified by enumerating the percentage of DAPI positive cells containing punctate green fluorescent foci and the number of foci per positive cell. No cross-priming + Cross-priming + EVs EVs EV Positive Cells 0% 47% (n = 75) EVs/cell 0 50

FIG. 1 . Structure of pCMV-MIR^(a150) and secretion of anti-miR-150 by primary B lymphocytes transfected with pCMV-MIRMIR^(a150). (A) Schematic map of pCMV-MIR^(a150) and anti-miR-150 coding sequence and transcript. (B) Intracellular anti-miR-150 detection (copy number/cell) in primary B lymphocytes transfected with pCMV-MIR^(a150) harvested 18 hrs after transfection. (C) Secreted anti-miR-150 (copy number/cell) based on detection in culture supernatants harvested 18 hrs after transfection. Data points refer to single independent experiments.

FIG. 2 . Anti-miR-150 secreted by transfected primary B lymphocytes are internalized by CD8 T cells during cross-priming in vitro. (A) Scheme of experimental design of in vitro T cell cross-priming. (B) Flow cytometry analysis showing that in vitro cross-primed CD8 T cells express CD69 and CD44 activation markers. (C) Detection of anti-miR-150 content (copy number/cell) in purified CD8 T lymphocytes cross-primed in the presence of supernatant from primary B lymphocytes transfected with pCMV-MIR^(a150). CD8 T cells cross-primed without addition of transfected primary B lymphocyte supernatant or CD8 T cells from BMDC-CD8 T cell co-cultures without OVA (BMDC+OT-I CD8+B Sup) to which the supernatant of primary B lymphocytes transfected with pCMV-MIR^(a150) was added, served as controls. Dots refer to single independent experiments. (D) Fold modulation (RQ) of endogenous miR-150 in CD8 T cells of corresponding cultures.

FIG. 4 . Isolation of anti-miR-150 activity in EVs and EV visualization inside CD8 T cells after cross-priming in vitro. (A) Schematic of in vitro production and isolation of EVs from J558L cells transfected with pCMV-MIR^(a150). (B) Detection of anti-miR-150 in the 120K EV-free supernatant and in the EV-rich pellet of J558L cells after short term (96 hrs) transfection with pCMV-MIR^(a150). Results are expressed as fold modulation and refer to the results of two independent experiments (mean±SEM). (C) Fold modulation of anti-miR-150 inside in vitro cross-primed CD8 T cells, and appropriate controls, with or without addition of the 120K EV-free supernatant or EV-rich ultracentrifugation pellet. Results refer to two independent experiments (mean±SEM). (D) Fluorescence microscopy analysis of CD8 T cells cross-primed in vitro in the presence of PKH67-labeled EVs (left panel), or co-cultured with dendritic cells without OVA (no cross-priming) but in the presence of PKH67-labeled EVs (right panel). Magnification: 20×, left panel and 10× right panel.

FIG. 5 illustrates: Anti-miR-150 is not amplified from plasmid pCMV-MIR^(a150). qRT-PCR was performed as described in Material and Methods using anti-miR-150 primers (ABI). Anti-miR-150 amplification is expressed as the ratio between the fluorescence intensity of the reporter dye (FAM) and that of the passive reference dye (ROX) used for normalization, according to manufacturer's guidelines. Values above the detection threshold indicate amplification of the target sequence, whereas values below the detection threshold imply lack of amplification of the target sequence. The test reflects 30 standard cycles including a denaturing step at 95° C. and an annealing/extension step at 60° C. pNV2=approximately 15 Kb plasmid coding for a full length chimeric immunoglobulin heavy chain gene modified in the CDR2 by insertion of the sequence (NANP-NVDP-NANP). See e.g., Xiong S. et al., Engineering vaccines with heterologous B and T cell epitopes using immunoglobulin genes, Nature Biotech 15:882-886,1997. NTC=Non template control.

FIG. 6 . Downregulation of endogenous miR-150 in murine tumor cells treated with the supernatant of J558L cells transfected with pCMV-MIR^(a150). Murine melanoma (B10.F10), lung (LLC) and prostate (TC1) tumor cells, were cultured in a 24-well plate for 48 hrs in RPMI medium containing 1 ml supernatant of J558L cells transfected with pCMV-MIR^(a150) or the supernatant of untransfected J558L cells as a control. Results represent two experiments.

Example 2 High Efficiency Generation of Multiple Short Noncoding RNA in B Cells and B Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles

This example demonstrates and exemplary protocol for the high efficiency generation of multiple short noncoding RNA in B cells and B cell-derived extracellular vesicles. In this example, it is demonstrated that B cells can be programmed for the enforced biogenesis and synchronous release of multiple sncRNAs. Data provided herein shows that this goal is feasible and that multiple sncRNA are released in the extracellular compartment in amounts comparable to those from B cells programmed to express and secrete one scnRNA only.

Furthermore, we found that the cargo of extracellular vesicles (EVs) isolated from programmed B cells is remarkably enriched for multiple sncRNAs. On average, we found that the content of multiple sncRNAs in EVs is 3.6 copy number/EV. Collectively, we demonstrate that by practicing the embodiments provided herein B cells can be easily programmed toward the synthesis and release of multiple sncRNAs, including sncRNA-laden EVs, efficiently and specifically.

Provided herein are systems for the synthesis and delivery of short, non-coding RNAs for therapeutic purposes. In alternative embodiments, these new exemplary approaches comprise use of autologous primary B lymphocytes that can be programmed by transfection with suitably engineered plasmid DNA to the biogenesis and release of sort noncoding (snc)RNA molecules¹². SncRNAs are secreted in 24 hrs, both as free molecules and cargo in extracellular vesicles (EVs). EVs were further shown to undergo in vitro and in vivo internalization by third party cells, causing marked (approximately 70%) target down-regulation.

Reasoning that in many clinical situations a multi-pronged sncRNA approach would be desirable, here we tested the possibility of programming B cells simultaneously for biogenesis and secretion of multiple sncRNAs, including their release as EV cargo. In recent years only few reports demonstrated the expression of multiple sncRNAs in cells using either a retrovirus or plasmid DNA¹³⁻¹⁵ but no attempts were made to assess the release of the sncRNAs in the extracellular compartment or their inclusion in EVs. Results provided here show that B cells transfected with plasmid DNA carrying the nucleotide sequence of multiple sncRNA in tandem undergo the simultaneous biogenesis and secretion of multiple sncRNA, including their release and incorporation in EVs, at high efficiency and specifically.

Results

Engineering Plasmids Comprising Nucleotide Sequences of Multiple sncRNAs

We previously showed that primary murine B lymphocytes and model murine

B cells transfected with plasmid DNA pCMVmir carrying the nucleotide sequence of anti-miR-150, are reproducibly programmed for the synthesis and secretion of anti-miR-150¹². Here we verified that B cells can be programmed for the synthesis and secretion of multiple sncRNAs simultaneously. To this end, we prepared a panel of 5 DNA plasmids each comprising either one or two sncRNA nucleotide sequences for their precursor miR (pre-miR) stem loop. As a model system we used miR-150, miR-155, and anti-miR-155, which are relevant to the regulation of T cell memory^(16.)

Specifically, we generated two plasmids, one carrying in tandem miR-150 and miR-155; the other carrying in tandem miR-150 and anti-miR-155. Plasmids carrying miR-150, miR-155, and anti-miR-155 alone served as reference. The precursor stem loop for each pre-miR sncRNA and final individual plasmids bearing precursor sncRNAs as single or tandem elements are illustrated in FIG. 7 .

Synchronous Intracellular Expression of Two Short Noncoding RNA

We probed intracellular sncRNA expression in murine J558L myeloma cells transfected by Amaxa electroporation and cultured for 48 hrs after transfection. Total RNA was extracted and tested by RT-qPCR as described in Material and Methods. The expression of miR-150 and miR-155 in J558 cells transfected with pCMVmir carrying the two sncRNAs in tandem (combo) was comparable to that of J558L cells transfected with pCMVmir carrying only one of the corresponding sncRNAs (FIG. 8 ).

Similarly, the expression of miR-150 and anti-miR-155 in J558L cells transfected with pCMVmir carrying these two sncRNA in tandem was comparable to that of J558L cells transfected with pCMVmir carrying only one of the corresponding sncRNAs (FIG. 9 ). These results show, therefore, no obvious loss of efficiency in the biogenesis and expression of sncRNA in B cells programmed using a plasmid carrying nucleotide sequences for multiple sncRNAs.

Synchronous Release of Multiple sncRNAs in the Extracellular Compartment

A distinctive feature of our system is that B cells transfected with a single sncRNA-carrying plasmid are very efficient at the release of the sncRNA in the extracellular compartment at levels that, on a per molecule basis, are markedly higher than in the intracellular compartment. Since a 7AAD analysis of J558L cells day 2 or 5 after transfection failed to show any appreciable increase of cell death relative to control cells, the results support an active export mechanism¹². Here we verified whether this principle would also apply to B cells programmed for tandem sncRNA expression. The levels of miR-150 and miR-155 were markedly and specifically enriched in the culture medium compared to the intracellular compartment in amounts comparable to those from B cells transfected with a single miRNA nucleotide sequence borne on an individual plasmid (FIG. 13A). Likewise, when B cells were transfected with the plasmid carrying the nucleotide sequence of miR-150 and anti-miR-155 in tandem, they secreted each sncRNA in a range comparable to that of B cells transfected with the plasmid carrying the nucleotide sequence of either miR-150 or anti-miR-155, respectively (FIG. 13B). Together these results validate the notion that B cells are very efficient at the extracellular export of newly-expressed sncRNAs leading to their rapid extracellular accumulation.

sncRNAs are Enriched in EVs

A second and important feature of B cells undergoing enforced expression and release of sncRNA molecules is that sncRNAs are packaged in EVs¹². Here we interrogated the efficiency at which this event occurs by determining whether two sncRNAs synthesized and released synchronously are apportioned equally in EVs, and by estimating the copy number/EV of the sncRNA cargo in different conditions.

EVs isolated from J558L cells cultured for 48 hrs after transfection in medium containing normal fetal calf serum showed a high content of sncRNAs. The RQ values for miR-155 were markedly elevated in EVs released by B cells transfected with a plasmid carrying one scnRNA and only slightly decreased in EVs released by B cells transfected with a plasmid carrying two sncRNAs (FIG. 14 ). At variance, the RQ values for miR-150 in EVs from B cells transfected with a plasmid carrying two sncRNAs were reduced (90 vs 3298 RQ) compared to reference EVs from B cells transfected with a single sncRNA plasmid.

To obtain a more accurate estimate of the sncRNA content in EVs, experiments were repeated by analyzing the sncRNA content of EVs produced by programmed J558L cells cultured for 48 hrs in commercially-available exosome-depleted medium. EVs were isolated and counted as described in Material and Methods. Their average size ranged between 101 and 111 nm in EVs from J558L transfectants vs. 106 nm in EVs from sham transfected J558L cells with minimal dispersity. Their sncRNA content assayed and quantified by RT-qPCR. From a total of 10¹¹EVs/sample reconstituted to 200 μl we extracted 0.3 mg/ml and 0.2 mg/ml, respectively, suggesting that there is no substantial bias introduced by the transfection in the generation and protein content of EVs. Interestingly, the tetraspanin CD63, which is expressed in exosomes, is expressed in EVs released by B cells transfected with a plasmid carrying two sncRNAs in relatively higher amounts than in EVs isolated from untransfected B cells (FIG. 15 ), suggesting a selective enrichment during the enforced sncRNA biogenesis, and EVs formation and release.

Next we determined the copy number of each sncRNA in EVs. FIG. 16 shows that each EV contains, on average, 3.6 copies of predetermined individual sncRNAs. Remarkably, we found comparable sncRNA copy numbers in EVs from B cells programmed with dual or single sncRNA plasmid. When compared to the constitutive content of miR-150 and miR-155 in EVs from sham-transfected J558L cells, the copy number was 15 and 25 fold higher, respectively. A copy number quantitation in EVs produced in exosome-depleted medium yielded on average a 30% to 50% increase, a result accounting for the decrease in B cell-derived EVs by exosomes contained in commercial fetal calf serum (data not shown). Finally, we found that sncRNA generated in tandem are effective at decreasing (approximately 30%) target miRNA or at increasing cellular sncRNA content in transfected J558L cells.

Discussion

We demonstrate that B cells can be efficiently programmed for the synchronous biogenesis and secretion of multiple predetermined scnRNAs. We also found that that the effective extracellular concentration of sncRNAs expressed in tandem in B cells is markedly higher than in the intracellular compartment. Finally, we show that EVs released by B cells programmed for the synchronous biogenesis and secretion of multiple predetermined scnRNAs are markedly enriched in sncRNA content.

Clinical applications of miRNA-based regulation of gene expression and disease may require the combined expression of multiple sncRNAs for therapeutic results. This can involve administering two or more miRNAs or a mixture of miRNAs, and anti-miRNAs. For example, miR-150 and miR-155 exist in B and T lymphocytes in reciprocal balancing regulation^(16, 17), necessitating a bimodal regulation. A multipronged approach may apply to other situations. For instance, two miRNAs may be an efficient method to target extracellular metabolic energetics and block cancer progression¹⁸. Likewise, a multipronged miRNA-based approach may be necessary to simultaneously target complementary functions in cancer cells such as self-renewal and pluripotency¹⁹, and translation initiation²⁰. Our data clearly show that that this goal is attainable, in principle, using B cells transfected with plasmid DNA purposely engineered for a multipronged effect. Since B cells transfected with plasmid DNA have already been used in a Phase 1 trial²¹ showing no toxicity²², B cells programmed to secrete and release sncRNAs may be readily exploited for clinical translation. In addition to possessing a formidable and rapidly adjustable synthetic machinery, B cells are capable of miRNA biogenesis^(23,24) and exosomes production^(25,26).

Small (30-100 nm) micro-vesicles, exosomes, have surged to relevance as important inter-cellular messengers^(27, 28). EVs are released by B lymphocytes²⁶, T lymphocytes^(29,30), dendritic cells^(31, 32) and bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells³³. Exosomes also play a relevant role in cancer as intercellular messengers^(34, 35) modulating cancer cells growth and metastasis³⁶⁻³⁸ promoting therapy resistance^(39, 40) and orchestrating immune suppression⁴¹.

Exosomes are also regarded as vehicle for targeted gene therapy⁴² and cancer therapies⁴³. However, the future of exosomes in therapeutic settings depends a priori on the efficiency with which a predetermined sncRNA cargo can be loaded onto exosomes during biogenesis. This has been found to vary depending on the cell type and the methods to generate the sncRNA cargo⁴³. Of particular interest is a recent quantitative analysis to determine the stoichiometric relation between exosomes and their sncRNA content⁴⁴. The study found that, regardless of the cell of origin, natural exosomes contain far less than 1 molecule of a given miRNA per exosome, even for the most abundant exosome preparations. This argues that spontaneously generated exosomes obey to a low occupancy/low miRNA concentration rule⁴⁴, possibly the consequence of poor efficiency in either biogenesis or EV packaging. Our results show instead that the enforced and synchronous expression of multiple predetermined sncRNA in B cells yields EVs much enriched for these sncRNAs. We calculated that EVs released by programmed B cells contain, on average, 3.6 copies of specific scnRNA irrespective of whether the originating B cells had been transfected with a dual or a single sncRNA plasmid. Thus, EVs released form programmed B cells are many fold enriched in predetermined sncRNAs over the content of miRNA in natural exosomes⁴⁴, a fact mirrored here by the 15-25-fold increase in copy number for miR-150 and miR-155 relative to the constitutive content of EVs from sham transfected J558L cells used as control. Since naturally exosomes carry a highly variable miRNA cargo with low content in specific sncRNA^(45,) our method appears to resolve this potential problem in generation and production of EVs for therapeutic application. Importantly, we found that sncRNA generated in tandem are effective at regulating target miRNA or at increasing cellular sncRNA content in target cells as prerequisite for sncRNA therapeutic intervention.

The present demonstration relates to the mechanism of sncRNA cargo generation in vesicles destined to extracellular export. It is known that upon biogenesis sncRNA are packaged in late endosome multivesicular bodies (MVBs)⁴⁶. A recent report showed that the artificial overexpression of a miRNA enriched its content in MVBs, and subsequently in exosomes, and is inversely proportional to the overexpression of miRNA target sequences⁴⁷ that can serve as a miRNA negative regulatory element by providing complementary binding sites⁴⁸. Thus, sncRNA sorting to EVs may reflect the ability of the cell to dispose of sncRNA in excess of their RNA cellular target. Accordingly, the production of sncRNA is expected to vary in different cell types. Although the exact mechanism of biogenesis and cargo packaging in our system remains to be elucidated, our study demonstrates that the rate of enforced biogenesis in B cells is sufficient to outperform the ability of the cell to buffer the rate at which artificially expressed sncRNA are enriched in EVs.

In conclusion, we demonstrate that it is possible to program B cells for the enforced biogenesis and release of multiple predetermined sncRNAs. The approach yields a greater sncRNA concentration in the extracellular that in the intracellular compartment suggesting an active transport mechanism. We also show that programmed B cells release EVs with high copy number in predetermined sncRNAs. Collectively, B cells programmed for the synchronous expression and secretion of multiple sncRNAs appear to be a viable candidate for multipronged translational applications to control disease or regulate immunity, and a step forward in the process of optimization and control in the production of EVs for miRNA-based therapies.

Materials and Methods

Plasmid Constructs

Dual miRNA constructs containing miR-150/miR-155 and miR-150/anti-miR-155 were synthesized with unique ends SgfI/XhoI by Integrated DNA Technologies (IDT, Coralville, Iowa). Constructs were cloned into the pCMVmir (Origene, Rockville, Md.) expression vector by digesting with SgfI and XhoI, and subsequent ligation of the insert into the pCMVmir vector. The ligation mixture was transformed into DH5a competent cells. Transformed cells were plated, and clones were selected and grown overnight at 37° C. DNA was extracted with Promega Wizard Plus SV Minipreps DNA Purification System (Promega, Madison Wis.). The resultant plasmids were termed pCMV mir150+mir155 and pCMV mir150+mirα155. The clone inserts were verified via sequencing and stored at −20° C. until transfection. Single miRNA constructs containing miR-150 or miR-155 were generated through excision from the dual miRNA constructs by digestion and ligation using unique restriction sites (SgfI-MluI or NotI-XhoI) within the minigene to yield pCMV miR-150, pCMV miR-155, and pCMV anti-miR-155, respectively. The correctness of each plasmid construct was verified by sequencing.

Cell Culture and Transfection

J558L mouse B cell myeloma cells were grown in suspension in cRPMI with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS). Cells were grown to 80% confluence. 2×10⁶ cells were transfected with 1 μg of pCMVmiR plasmid utilizing the Lonza VACA-1003 transfection kit V and Nuclefector 2b device (Lonza, Walkersville, Md.). Cells were allowed to recover in a T25 flask upright at 37° C. with 5% CO₂ for 48 hrs. In experiments in which sncRNA copy number was determined transfected B cells were cultured in EXO-FBS-50A-1 exosome-depleted FBS (Exo-FBS, Systems Biosciences, Mountain View, Calif.).

EV Isolation

48 hrs post-transfection 200 μL of culture supernatant were collected and incubated with 200 μL of Total Exosome Isolation solution (Life Technologies, Carlsbad, Calif.) at room temperature for 1 hour. The EV containing mixture was spun at 16,000 RPM at 4° C. for 1 hr. The resultant EV pellet was resuspended in 50 μL of PBS at room temperature and stored in 1.5 mL Eppendorf tubes at −20° C. until use. EVs isolated from untransfected or sham transfected (electroporated only) J558L cells served as a control.

Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis

The number of vesicles recovered was determined by Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis (NTA) on a NanoSight LM-10HS equipped with a 405 nm laser (NanoSight, Wiltshire, UK) that was calibrated with polystyrene latex microbeads at 100 nm and 200 nm prior to analysis. Resuspended vesicles were diluted 1:50 with PBS to achieve between 20-100 objects per frame. EVs were manually injected into the sample chamber at ambient temperature. Each sample was measured in triplicate at camera setting 14 with acquisition time of 30 s and detection threshold setting of 7. At least 200 completed tracks were analyzed per video. The NTA analytical software version 2.3 was used for capturing and analyzing the data.

Western Blot

EVs were lysed in RIPA (1% NP40, 0.5% de-oxycholate, 0.1% SDS in TBS). Protein concentration was determined by NanoDrop spectrophotometer. 15 μg of proteins of each sample were separated in 4-20% acrylamide/bisacrylamide gel and transferred to a polyvinylidene difluoride membrane using Bio-Rad Trans Blot Turbo system 3 min. mini-TGX protocol. After washing in TBST, the membrane was incubated with an anti-CD63 monoclonal antibody (5 μgml⁻¹) (abcam) (the kind gift of Dr. Johnny Akers) overnight at 4C on a rocker. After washing in TBST the bound antibody was revealed using goat antibodies to mouse Ig conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (HRP) (5 μgml⁻¹) (Bio-Rad). The blot was developed with ECL chemiluminescent substrate and exposed to X-ray film for 3 minutes.

RNA Extraction

5×10⁵ transfected or untransfected J558L cells, and 1 mL of culture supernatant, were collected for RNA extraction using ZYGEM RNAtissue Plus System™ (Zygem, Hamilton, NZ) according to the manufacturer's protocol. RNA from cell supernatant (200 μL) was extracted with the Qiagen miRNeasy Serum/Plasma kit following the manufacturer's protocol. EVs extraction was performed using the ZYGEM RNAtissue Plus System.

Small RNA Taqman™

cDNA was generated from intracellular, extracellular and exosome miRNA with Taqman small RNA assays. Input RNA was normalized to 100 ng/ sample for intracellular and exosome RNA, and to 25 ng/sample for extracellular miRNA. Taqman MicroRNA Reverse Transcription Kit was utilized for all samples per manufacturer's instructions. Cycling conditions for qPCR were: 40 cycles, 96° C. denature 30 secs, 60° C. anneal/extension 30 secs. Results are expressed as RQ (Relative quantity of sample) that was calculated using the formula: Relative Quantity_(target)=E_(target)(Cq (control)−Cq (treatment)). Abbreviations: E=Efficiency of primer set; C_(q) (control)=Average C_(q) for the control or untreated sample; C_(q) (treatment)=Average C_(q) for treated sample; Target=The gene of interest or reference gene.

Copy Number Determination

To determine the copy number of miR-150, miR-155 and anti-miR-150, samples normalized at 100 ng cDNA/reaction were run concomitantly with a standard curve constructed with known amounts (100-0.01 ng) of each short noncoding RNA cDNA. The endogenous control standard curve was constructed using known amounts (100-0.01 ng) of snoRNA202 cDNA of all the targets (Applied Biosystems snoRNA202—assay No. 001232—specific reverse transcription primers). Samples were run in duplicate. Relative expression was determined by the Ct value of test samples vs. the endogenous control. Once the amount (ng) of specific target was determined, the copy number present in each reaction was calculated using the following formula: (ng×6.0223×10²³)/(number of nucleotides×1.0×10^(9×650)).

Figure Legends

FIG. 7C illustrate a schematic representation of plasmids used in the study of Example 1: FIG. 7A: the pre-mir nucleotide sequence of miR-150, miR-155 and anti-miR-155; FIG. 7B: schematic view of pCMV miR-150-miR-155; FIG. 7C, schematic view of pCMV mir-150-anti-miR-155:

FIG. 7A shows the primer nucleotide sequence of:

miR-150 (SEQ ID NO: 5) CCCUGUCUCCCAACCCUUGUACCAGUGCUGUGCCUCAGACCCUGGUACA GGCCUGGGGGAUAGGG, miR-155 (SEQ ID NO: 6) CUGUUAAUGCUAAUUGUGAUAGGGGUUUUGGCCUCUGACUGACUCCUA CCUGUUAGCAUUAACAG, and anti-miR-155 (SEQ ID NO: 7) CUGACCCCUAUCACAAUUAGCAUUAAUUUGGCCUCUGACUGACU CCUACCUGUUAGCAUUAACAG;

FIG. 7B is a schematic view of the plasmid containing pCMV miR-150, having the sequence TCTCCCAACCCTTGTACCAGT (SEQ ID NO:8), and anti-(shown as “a”)-miR-155, having the sequence TTAATGCTAATTGTGATAGGGGT (SEQ ID NO:9); and,

FIG. 7C is a schematic view of the plasmid containing pCMV mir-150 (SEQ ID NO:8) and anti-miR-155, having the sequence ACCCCTATCACAATTAGCATTAA (SEQ ID NO:10).

FIGS. 8 and 9 graphically illustrates data showing that is possible to transfect B cells with a plasmid coding for a miRNA and an anti-miRNA and get biogenesis (FIG. 8 ) and expression (FIG. 9 ):

FIG. 8 Detection of mir-150 and anti-miR-155 in B cells (J558L cells) transfected with a single plasmid DNA, where J558L cells were transfected with plasmid DNA encompassing the coding sequence for miR-150 alone, anti-miR-155 alone, or the combination of both (combo), where the data shows that B cells can be programmed for the expression of two short noncoding RNAs. Cells were harvested 36 hrs after transfection and total RNA was extracted by the Zygem kit. cDNA was generated using RT-specific primers using LIFETECH™ microRNA assay kit. Samples were pre-amplified and then subject to RT-qPCR amplification using RT-specific primers. Results refer to the mean±SD of two independent transfection experiments.

FIG. 9 Detection of mir-150 and anti-miR-155 in B cells (J558L cells) transfected with a single plasmid DNA, where J558L cells were transfected with plasmid DNA encompassing the coding sequence for miR-150 alone, anti-miR-155 alone, or the combination of both (combo), where the data shows that B cells can be programmed for the expression of two short noncoding RNAs. The supernatants were harvested 36 hrs after transfection and total RNA was extracted by the MIRNEASY™ (miRNeasy) kit. cDNA was generated using RT-specific primers using LIFETECH™ microRNA assay kit. Samples were pre-amplified and then subject to RT-qPCR amplification using RT-specific primers. Results refer to the mean±SD of two independent transfection experiments.

FIG. 10 Detection of mir-150 and anti-miR-155 in the supernatant of programmed J558L cells transfected with a single plasmid DNA, where J558L were transfected with a single plasmid DNA, where J558L cells were transfected with plasmid DNA encompassing the coding sequence for miR-150 alone, anti-miR-155 alone, or the combination of both (combo), where the data shows that the supernatant of B cells can be programmed for the biogenesis of two short non-coding RNAs. The supernatant was harvested 36 hrs after transfection and total RNA extracted by the Zygem kit. cDNA was generated using RT-specific primers using Lifetech microRNA assay kit. Samples were pre-amplified and then subject to RT-qPCR amplification using RT-specific primers. Results refer to the mean±SD of two independent transfection experiments.

FIG. 11 Detection of mir-150 and anti-miR-155 in the supernatant of programmed J558L cells transfected with a single plasmid DNA, where J558L cells were transfected with plasmid DNA encompassing the coding sequence for miR-150 alone, anti-miR-155 alone, or miR-150 and anti-miR-155 alone (combo), where the data shows that the supernatant of B cells can be programmed for the biogenesis of two short non-coding RNAs. The supernatant was harvested 36 hrs after transfection and total RNA extracted by the Zygem kit. cDNA was generated using RT-specific primers using Lifetech microRNA assay kit. Samples were pre-amplified and then subject to RT-qPCR amplification using RT-specific primers. Results refer to the mean±SD of two independent transfection experiments.

FIG. 12 Detection of mir-150 and anti-miR-155 in EVs released by B cells (J558L cells) transfected with a single plasmid DNA coding for miR-150 alone, miR-155 alone, or two miR-150 (combo), where the data shows miRNA (mirR) enrichment in EVs released by B cells programmed with two short non-coding RNAs.

48 hrs after transfection and culture in complete medium containing non exosome-depleted fetal calf serum. Total RNA was extracted by the Zygem kit. cDNA was generated using RT-specific primers using Lifetech microRNA assay kit. Samples were pre-amplified and then subject to RT-qPCR amplification using RT-specific primers. Results refer to the mean±SD of two independent transfection experiments.

FIG. 13 Detection of mir-150 and anti-miR-155 in EVs released by B cells (J558L cells) transfected with a single plasmid DNA coding for miR-150 alone, miR-155 alone, or miR-150 and anti-miR-155 alone (combo), where the data shows miRNA (mirR) enrichment in EVs released by B cells programmed with two short non-coding RNAs. 48 hrs after transfection and culture in complete medium containing non-exosome-depleted fetal calf serum. Total RNA was extracted by the Zygem kit. cDNA was generated using RT-specific primers using Lifetech microRNA assay kit. Samples were pre-amplified and then subject to RT-qPCR amplification using RT-specific primers. Results refer to the mean±SD of two independent transfection experiments.

FIG. 14 . Copy number/EV quantitation of mir-150 and anti-miR-155 in EVs produced by programmed J558L cells. EVs were isolated from the supernatant of J558L cells transfected with a plasmid coding for miR-150 alone, miR-155 alone, or the combination of both (combo) 48 hrs after transfection and culture in complete medium containing exosome-depleted fetal calf serum. After total RNA extraction and cDNA generation samples were pre-amplified and then subject to RT-qPCR amplification using RT-specific primers. Copy number/EV were calculated as described in material and Methods. ST=Sham transfected. Results refer to the mean±SD of two replicate samples. Representative of two experiments with comparable results.

FIG. 22 . EVs produced by programmed J558L cells express CD63. EVs from J558L transfected with mir-150 and anti-miR-155 or untransfectd (control) were processed for Western blot analysis as described in Material and Methods and probed with an antibody to CD63. The approximate m.w. was determined using a m.w. ladder (not shown).

Example 3 Extracellular Vesicles Induced in B Cells to Contain miR-335 Control Triple Negative Human Breast Cancer Cells in Immunodeficient Mice

This example demonstrates that methods and compositions as provided herein can be used to treat or ameliorate triple negative human breast cancer. We demonstrated that iEVs programmed to contain miR-335 can deliver their cargo to LM2 cells, modulate target mRNA expression in vitro and in vivo, and greatly reduce the growth of LM2 cells as orthotopic tumors in immune deficient NSG mice.

Results

A Plasmid Expressing miR-335 Doublets in B Cells

We reasoned that restoring miR-335 content in LM2 cells would be best achieved by transfecting B cells with a plasmid engineered with two miR-335 precursor stem loops (Almanza and Zanetti, 2015). To this end, we engineered pCMVmir carrying two pre-miR-335 stem loops in tandem with a nucleotide linker. Previous studies from this laboratory showed that the cargo of iEVs can be enriched to contain at least two distinct scnRNAs of predetermined specificity.

We then quantified miR-335 expression levels in the murine myeloma cell line J558L after transfection, and compared them with those in J558L cells transfected with a pCMVmir coding for one pre-miR-335 stem loop only. As shown on FIG. 15 , miR-335 content (copy number/EV) in iEVs was considerably greater (approximately 5 folds) when J558L cells had been transfected with the plasmid carrying the miR-335 doublet compared to iEVs from J558L cells transfected with a single pre-miR-335 stem loop plasmid. Therefore, all subsequent experiments were performed using a pCMVmir carrying two miR-335 stem loops.

Effects of iEVs Containing miR-335 on LM2 Cells In Vitro

We determined uptake and miR-335 content in LM2 cells incubated in vitro for 48 hrs with iEVs³³⁵ over a range of iEVs:LM2 cell ratios (4×10²⁻10⁴: LM2 cell) in order to establish the minimum threshold for effective restoration of miR-335 content in target LM2 cells. An increase in copy number followed a dose response curve, with a >4 folds increase over untreated LM2 cells at the 10³ dose, see FIG. 16 . To see if internalization was also followed by intracellular release of cargo miR-335, we sought the effect on two miR-335 targets, SOX4 and tenascin C (TNC), as previously reported by Tavazoie et al. (Tavazoie et al., 2008). As shown in FIG. 17 , restoration of miR-335 in LM2 cells was associated with a dose dependent reduction in SOX4 messenger RNA expression. The reduction of TNC expression was less pronounced. Two control mRNAs, β-Catenin (CTNNB1) and TERT, which are constitutively expressed in cancer cells, were unaffected, suggesting that the effect on SOX4 was specific FIG. 18 . Collectively, iEVs spontaneously internalized into LM2 cells release their cargo miR-335, which effectively modulates its targets, SOX4 in particular.

Incubation of LM2 cells with iEVs³³⁵ did not cause a loss in cell viability since this was constant throughout the observation period albeit reduced relative to untreated or sham iEVs treated LM2 cultures, see FIG. 19 .

Orthotopic Tumor Suppression In Vivo

The ability of iEVs³³⁵ to control LM2 tumorigenicity was tested in a model of orthotopic implantation. Briefly, LM2 cells were pretreated by incubation with 4×10⁴ fold excess: iEVs³³⁵, or control iEVs, for 48 hours to allow for their uptake/internalization and release of miR-335. Mice were then injected in the fat pad with 4×10⁵ LM2 cells. They were imaged on day 45 and 60, at which point they were sacrificed. On day 45 (4 out of 6 control mice (no pretreatment) and 5 out of 5 mice injected with LM2 cells pretreated with control iEVs had detectable tumors (not shown). In contrast only 4 out of 9 mice implanted with LM2 cells pretreated with iEVs-335 had developed tumors. On day 60, all control mice including those implanted with untreated LM2 cells alone as well as those implanted with LM2 cells pretreated with control iEVs, had detectable tumors. Among the test group 6 out of 9 mice were confirmed to have a tumor detected by in vivo imaging but all the tumors were smaller than tumors of mice implanted with LM2 cells treated with sham transfected iEVs FIG. 20A. At sacrificed (day 60) tumors were excised, measured by caliper and weighed. As illustrated in FIGS. 20B-C, the average tumor size (mm) was 1,682±250 in the 6 mice given LM2 cells alone and 1,896±479 in control iEV-treated LM2 cells. In contrast, as illustrated in FIG. 13B, the average size for the four tumors treated with iEVs³³⁵ was 7.2±9.8. Likewise, the average weight (gr), as illustrated in FIG. 13C, was 1.3±0.6 in the 6 mice given LM2 cells alone and 2.3±1.2 for tumors from control iEV-treated LM2 cells. The average size of the tumors treated with iEVs³³⁵ was 0.16±0.18. Thus, pretreatment of LM2 cells with iEVs-dramatically reduced tumor growth in vivo.

Next, we measured the levels of miR-335 in tumors excised at sacrifice to see if the effect was associated with a higher levels of miR-335 in tumors in which miR-335 content was restored therapeutically. Remarkably, the endogenous values for miR-335 were 1.0±0.06 for the 6 control mice and 0.8±0.02 for tumors treated with control iEVs, whereas they were significantly higher (4.7±0.7) in the four tumors borne of LM2 cells pretreated with iEVs³³⁵ prior to implantation in vivo (FIG. 20E). No differences were detected in the endogenous levels of let-7a, a miRNA used as a control (FIG. 20F). To confirm that restoration of miR-335 in LM2 cells had effects on its target we quantified the mRNA levels of endogenous SOX4 and TNC (see FIG. 20G, left and right panels, respectively), and found them to be considerably reduced compared to the levels in all control tumors, as illustrated in FIG. 20G-H. No variation was noted in the mRNA levels of two β-Catenin (CTNNB1) (FIG. 20I) and TERT (FIG. 20J) used as control. Thus, restoration of miR-335 through iEVs³³⁵ was long-lasting and produced marked regulation of target mRNAs. Oddly, sham iEVs treated tumors had an increased TNC expression relative to the untreated condition.

Tumor growth suppression was accompanied by a high content of miR-335 and a concomitant reduction of its target mRNAs. Because the average miRNA half-life has been estimated to be approximately 5 days (Gantier et al., 2011) it became important to interrogate the longevity of miR-335 shuttled in LM2 cells as iEV payload. To this end, cultured LM2 cells were treated for 48 hrs with either EVs: iEVs³³⁵, or sham EVs, respectively. At the end of the two-day treatment, cells were thoroughly washed and cultured in complete medium for an additional 4 or 8 days. Treatment with iEVs³³⁵ resulted in a marked upregulation of miR-335 content that was maximal on day 4 (FIG. 21A, left panel). This did not occur in LM2 cells treated with sham EVs. Likewise, mRNA levels of SOX4 remained depressed through day 8 (FIG. 21B, left panel). This suggest, that the uptake of EVs laden with a miR-335 payload leads to a restoration of the endogenous miR-335 pool that exceeds the 5 days half-life mark for miRNA maintaining as well the ability to regulate the SOX4 target mRNA. Western on SOX4.

Discussion

We demonstrate that miR-335 contained in iEVs as cargo generated in B lymphocytes during induced vesicles biogenesis is effective at restoring endogenous miR-335 content in triple negative human breast cancer cells. An increase in endogenous miR335 content in target LM2 cells resulted in a negative regulation of mRNA targets, and tumor growth control in vivo. Our finding on miR-335 ability to regulate the tumorigenic properties of LM2 cells is consistent with a previous report showing that miR-335 silencing through genetic or epigenetic means results in increased tumorigenicity (Png et al., 2011). Moreover, this is in line with reports showing that the inactivation of miR-335 in human cancers is associated with reduced recurrence-free survival and represents an independent indicator of poor overall survival (Cao et al., 2014; Png et al., 2011).

We show that iEVs enriched in miR-335 can be used therapeutically to restore its endogenous content in cancer cells in which its production is silenced, enabling regulation of target mRNAs, e.g., SOX4. SOX4 is the main target of miR-335 and is also a master regulator of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) through direct positive regulation of Ezh2 (Tiwari et al., 2013). We show that the internalization iEVs in LM2 cells was effective at down-regulating SOX4 mRNA in vitro and in vivo. Surprisingly, tumors borne of LM2 cells treated ex vivo with iEVs³³⁵ showed profound SOX4 decrease sixty days after orthotopic implantation, suggesting that SOX4 negative regulation by miR-335 in TNBC cells is both effective and durable. The mechanism for the sustained effect is unknown and could be related to the persistence of miR-335 inside host cells, or to a permanent negative effect on SOX4 transcription. It is possible that iEVS internalized into LM2 cells degrade slowly, releasing their payload over time. Full elucidation of this effect will require further experimentation.

Therapeutically, a one-time internalization of iEVs proved sufficient to markedly inhibit, and in half cases prevent, orthotopic tumor growth, confirming the tumor-inhibiting properties of miR-335. Since miR-335 is reduced in various cancer types in humans beside TNBC (Cao et al., 2014; Gong et al., 2014; Isosaka et al., 2015; Wang and Jiang, 2015; Xiong et al., 2013) it follows that that the direction of work presented here has a future in the treatment of certain types of human cancers for which methods to precisely target iEVs to cancer cells in vivo should be developed for increased efficacy and diminished risk of off-target effects.

Materials and Methods

Mice

8-10 week old NOD scid gamma (NSG) mice were purchased from The Jackson Laboratories.

Cell Lines

MDA MB 231-4175 (LM2) cells are human TNBC cells derivative of MDA-MB 231 cells stably transduced with a lentivirus expressing a triple-fusion reporter (abbreviated “TGL”) encoding herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase 1, green florescence protein and firefly luciferase (Minn et al., 2005). LM2 cells were kindly obtained from the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (New York, NY). MDA-MB 231 cells were purchased from the American Type Cell Collection (ATCC® HTB-26TM).

Plasmid Constructs

A dual miRNA construct containing miR-335-miR-335 was synthesized with unique SgfI/XhoI ends by Integrated DNA Technologies (IDT, Coralville, Iowa). Constructs were cloned into the pCMVmir (Origene, Rockville, Md.) expression vector by digesting with SgfI and XhoI, and subsequent ligation of the insert into the pCMVmir vector. The ligation mixture was transformed into TOP10 competent cells (Life Technologies, Carlsbad Calif.). Transformed cells were plated, and clones were selected and grown overnight at 37° C. DNA was extracted with Promega Wizard Plus SV Minipreps DNA Purification System™ (Promega, Madison Wis.). The resultant plasmids were termed pCMV dual mir335. The clone insert was verified via sequencing and stored at −20° C. until transfection. Single miRNA construct containing miR-335 was generated through excision from the dual miRNA construct by digestion and ligation using unique restriction sites (SgfI-MluI or NotI-XhoI) within the minigene to yield pCMV miR-335. The correctness of each plasmid construct was verified by sequencing.

Cell Culture and Transfection

J558L mouse B cell myeloma cells were grown in suspension in cRPMI with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS). Cells were grown to 80% confluence. 2×10⁶ cells were transfected with 1 μg of pCMVmiR plasmid utilizing the Lonza VACA-1003™ transfection kit V and Nuclefector 2b device (Lonza, Walkersville, Md.). Cells were allowed to recover in a T25 flask upright at 37° C. with 5% CO₂ for 48 hrs. In experiments in which sncRNA copy number was determined transfected J558L cells were cultured in EXO-FBS-50A-1™ exosome-depleted FBS (Exo-FBS, Systems Biosciences, Mountain View, Calif.).

EV Isolation and Enumeration

Forty-eight hours post-transfection 1 mL of culture supernatant was collected and incubated with 0.5 mL of Total Exosome Isolation™ solution (Life Technologies, Carlsbad, Calif.) for 1 hr at room temperature. The EV-containing mixture was spun at 16,000 RPM at 4° C. for 1 hr. The EV pellet was resuspended in 100 μL of PBS at room temperature and stored in 1.5 mL Eppendorf tubes at −20° C. until use. EVs isolated from untransfected or sham transfected (electroporated only) J558L cells served as a control.

The number of vesicles recovered was determined by Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis (NTA) on a NanoSight LM-10HS™ equipped with a 405 nm laser (NanoSight, Wiltshire, UK) that was calibrated with polystyrene latex microbeads at 100 nm and 200 nm prior to analysis. Resuspended vesicles were diluted 1:100-1:300 with PBS to achieve between 20-100 objects per frame. iEVs were manually injected into the sample chamber at room temperature. Each sample was measured in triplicate at camera setting 14 with acquisition time of 30 s and detection threshold setting of 7. At least 200 completed tracks were analyzed per video. The NTA analytical software version 2.3 was used for capturing and analyzing the data.

RNA Extraction and Copy Number Determination

1×10⁶ transfected or untransfected J558L cells, and 1 mL of culture supernatant, were collected for RNA extraction using ZYGEM RNAtissue Plus System™ (Zygem, Hamilton, NZ) according to the manufacturer's protocol. RNA from cell supernatant (200 μL) was extracted with the Qiagen miRNeasy Serum/Plasma Kit™ following the manufacturer's protocol. IEVs extraction was performed using the ZYGEM RNAtissue Plus System.

cDNA was generated from intracellular and iEV miRNA with Taqman small RNA assays. Input RNA was normalized to 100 ng/sample for intracellular and exosome RNA, and to 25 ng/sample for extracellular miRNA. Taqman MicroRNA Reverse Transcription Kit™ was utilized for all samples per manufacturer's instructions. Cycling conditions for qPCR were: 40 cycles, 96° C. denature 30 secs, 60° C. anneal/extension 30 secs. Results are expressed as RQ (Relative quantity of sample) that was calculated using the formula: Relative Quantity_(target)=E_(target) (Cq (control)−Cq (treatment)). Abbreviations: E=Efficiency of primer set; C_(q) (control)=Average C_(q) for the control or untreated sample; C_(q) (treatment)=Average C_(q) for treated sample; Target=The gene of interest or reference gene.

Copy number was determined in samples normalized at 100 ng cDNA/reaction run concomitantly with a standard curve constructed with known amounts (100-0.01 ng) of miR-335 cDNA and an endogenous control standard curve constructed using known amounts (100-0.01 ng) of snoRNA202 cDNA (Applied Biosystems snoRNA202—assay No. 001232™—specific reverse transcription primers). Samples were run in duplicate. Relative expression was determined by the Ct value of test samples vs. the endogenous control. Once the amount (ng) of specific target was determined, the copy number present in each reaction was calculated using the following formula: (ng×6.0223×10²³)/(number of nucleotides×1.0×10^(9×650)) as indicated in http://www.uic.edu/depts/rrc/cgf/realtime/stdcurve.html.

Copy number/EV determination was calculated as follows: (Total copy number/No. EVs sample).

Treatment of LM2 Cells with iEVs and In Vivo Studies

LM2 cells were plated at 1×10⁶ and treated with iEVs at 4×10⁴ iEVs: LM2 cell ratio for 48 hours. After treatment cells were washed 3 times, and resuspended in PBS until implanted (4×10⁵) into the right mammary fat pad in 50 μl. Mice were monitored for tumor take by palpation. When tumors became palpable, tumor size was determined through two-dimensional caliper measurements every three days. On day 30 and prior to sacrifice on day 60 mice received 6 mg of D-luciferin in PBS i.p., rest for 6 minutes, and imaged in a Xenogen IVIS™ system. At sacrifice tumors were resected, weighed and measured by caliper. Tumor volume was calculated using the ellipsoid formula: V=1/2 (H×W²). All animal work was approved by the UCSD Institutional Animal Use and Care Committee.

TABLE 1 Exemplary Homo sapiens miRNAs incorporated into compositions as provided herein, and in compositions made by methods as provided herein ID Accession RPM Chromosome Start End Strand Confidence Fetch hsa-let-7a-1 MI0000060 4.85e+04 chr9 94175957 94176036 + ✓ hsa-let-7a-2 MI0000061 3.92e+04 chr11 122146522 122146593 − ✓ hsa-let-7a-3 MI0000062 3.89e+04 chr22 46112749 46112822 + ✓ hsa-let-7b MI0000063 2.65e+04 chr22 46113686 46113768 + ✓ hsa-let-7c MI0000064  3.3e+04 chr21 16539828 16539911 + — hsa-let-7d MI0000065 8.98e+03 chr9 94178834 94178920 + ✓ hsa-let-7e MI0000066  1.2e+04 chr19 51692786 51692864 + ✓ hsa-let-7f-1 MI0000067 4.01e+04 chr9 94176347 94176433 + ✓ hsa-let-7f-2 MI0000068 4.13e+04 chrX 53557192 53557274 − ✓ hsa-let-7g MI0000433   9e+03 chr3 52268278 52268361 − ✓ hsa-let-7i MI0000434 9.01e+03 chr12 62603686 62603769 + — hsa-mir-1-1 MI0000651 6.42e+03 chr20 62554306 62554376 + ✓ hsa-mir-1-2 MI0000437 1.57e+04 chr18 21829004 21829088 − — hsa-mir-7-1 MI0000263  2.6e+03 chr9 83969748 83969857 − ✓ hsa-mir-7-2 MI0000264  2.3e+03 chr15 88611825 88611934 + — hsa-mir-7-3 MI0000265 2.29e+03 chr19 4770670 4770779 + — hsa-mir-9-1 MI0000466 2.14e+03 chr1 156420341 156420429 − ✓ hsa-mir-9-2 MI0000467 2.15e+03 chr5 88666853 88666939 − ✓ hsa-mir-9-3 MI0000468  2.7e+03 chr15 89368017 89368106 + ✓ hsa-mir-10a MI0000266 4.94e+03 chr17 48579838 48579947 − ✓ hsa-mir-10b MI0000267  7.2e+03 chr2 176150303 176150412 + ✓ hsa-mir-15a MI0000069 2.93e+03 chr13 50049119 50049201 − ✓ hsa-mir-15b MI0000438 7.14e+03 chr3 160404588 160404685 + ✓ hsa-mir-16-1 MI0000070 3.93e+03 chr13 50048973 50049061 − ✓ hsa-mir-16-2 MI0000115 4.32e+03 chr3 160404745 160404825 + ✓ hsa-mir-17 MI0000071 7.38e+03 chr13 91350605 91350688 + ✓ hsa-mir-18a MI0000072 1.28e+03 chr13 91350751 91350821 + ✓ hsa-mir-18b MI0001518 1.03e+03 chrX 134170041 134170111 − — hsa-mir-19a MI0000073 3.33e+03 chr13 91350891 91350972 + ✓ hsa-mir-19b-1 MI0000074 4.85e+03 chr13 91351192 91351278 + ✓ hsa-mir-19b-2 MI0000075 4.86e+03 chrX 134169671 134169766 − ✓ hsa-mir-20a MI0000076 4.21e+03 chr13 91351065 91351135 + ✓ hsa-mir-20b MI0001519  1.3e+03 chrX 134169809 134169877 − ✓ hsa-mir-21 MI0000077 2.56e+04 chr17 59841266 59841337 + — hsa-mir-22 MI0000078 3.85e+03 chr17 1713903 1713987 − ✓ hsa-mir-23a MI0000079 1.69e+04 chr19 13836587 13836659 − ✓ hsa-mir-23b MI0000439 1.67e+04 chr9 95085208 95085304 + — hsa-mir-23c MI0016010 3.53e+03 chrX 20017088 20017187 − — hsa-mir-24-1 MI0000080 5.34e+03 chr9 95086021 95086088 + — hsa-mir-24-2 MI0000081 6.35e+03 chr19 13836287 13836359 − — hsa-mir-25 MI0000082 1.02e+04 chr7 100093560 100093643 − ✓ hsa-mir-26a-1 MI0000083 1.03e+04 chr3 37969404 37969480 + ✓ hsa-mir-26a-2 MI0000750 9.82e+03 chr12 57824609 57824692 − ✓ hsa-mir-26b MI0000084  5.2e+03 chr2 218402646 218402722 + — hsa-mir-27a MI0000085 7.56e+03 chr19 13836440 13836517 − ✓ hsa-mir-27b MI0000440 1.02e+04 chr9 95085445 95085541 + ✓ hsa-mir-28 MI0000086 4.94e+03 chr3 188688781 188688866 + ✓ hsa-mir-29a MI0000087 1.09e+04 chr7 130876747 130876810 − ✓ hsa-mir-29b-1 MI0000105 6.19e+03 chr7 130877459 130877539 − ✓ hsa-mir-29b-2 MI0000107 6.13e+03 chr1 207802443 207802523 − — hsa-mir-29c MI0000735 8.57e+03 chr1 207801852 207801939 − — hsa-mir-30a MI0000088 1.07e+04 chr6 71403551 71403621 − ✓ hsa-mir-30b MI0000441 2.22e+03 chr8 134800520 134800607 − ✓ hsa-mir-30c-1 MI0000736 2.95e+03 chr1 40757284 40757372 + ✓ hsa-mir-30c-2 MI0000254 2.83e+03 chr6 71376960 71377031 − ✓ hsa-mir-30d MI0000255  6.9e+03 chr8 134804876 134804945 − ✓ hsa-mir-30e MI0000749  8.1e+03 chr1 40754355 40754446 + ✓ hsa-mir-31 MI0000089 3.89e+03 chr9 21512115 21512185 − ✓ hsa-mir-32 MI0000090 729 chr9 109046229 109046298 − ✓ hsa-mir-33a MI0000091 1.12e+03 chr22 41900944 41901012 + ✓ hsa-mir-33b MI0003646 269 chr17 17813836 17813931 − ✓ hsa-mir-34a MI0000268 1.13e+03 chr1 9151668 9151777 − ✓ hsa-mir-34b MI0000742 792 chr11 111512938 111513021 + ✓ hsa-mir-34c MI0000743 1.36e+03 chr11 111513439 111513515 + ✓ hsa-mir-92a-1 MI0000093 7.52e+03 chr13 91351314 91351391 + ✓ hsa-mir-92a-2 MI0000094 6.11e+03 chrX 134169538 134169612 − ✓ hsa-mir-92b MI0003560 3.33e+03 chr1 155195177 155195272 + ✓ hsa-mir-93 MI0000095 1.95e+03 chr7 100093768 100093847 − ✓ hsa-mir-95 MI0000097 1.06e+03 chr4 8005301 8005381 − — hsa-mir-96 MI0000098 685 chr7 129774692 129774769 − ✓ hsa-mir-98 MI0000100 4.35e+03 chrX 53556223 53556341 − ✓ hsa-mir-99a MI0000101  3.4e+03 chr21 16539089 16539169 + ✓ hsa-mir-99b MI0000746 1.66e+03 chr19 51692612 51692681 + ✓ hsa-mir-100 MI0000102  2.8e+03 chr11 122152229 122152308 − ✓ hsa-mir-101-1 MI0000103 4.43e+03 chr1 65058434 65058508 − ✓ hsa-mir-101-2 MI0000739 4.64e+03 chr9 4850297 4850375 + — hsa-mir-103a-1 MI0000109  3.7e+04 chr5 168560896 168560973 − — hsa-mir-103a-2 MI0000108  3.7e+04 chr20 3917494 3917571 + ✓ hsa-mir-103b-1 MI0007261 22.4 chr5 168560904 168560965 + — hsa-mir-103b-2 MI0007262 — chr20 3917502 3917563 − — hsa-mir-105-1 MI0000111 152 chrX 152392219 152392299 − ✓ hsa-mir-105-2 MI0000112 152 chrX 152394412 152394492 − ✓ hsa-mir-106a MI0000113 4.41e+03 chrX 134170198 134170278 − ✓ hsa-mir-106b MI0000734 2.46e+03 chr7 100093993 100094074 − ✓ hsa-mir-107 MI0000114 3.55e+04 chr10 89592747 89592827 − — hsa-mir-122 MI0000442 292 chr18 58451074 58451158 + — hsa-mir-124-1 MI0000443 801 chr8 9903388 9903472 − — hsa-mir-124-2 MI0000444 818 chr8 64379149 64379257 + — hsa-mir-124-3 MI0000445 760 chr20 63178500 63178586 + — hsa-mir-125a MI0000469 4.02e+03 chr19 51693254 51693339 + ✓ hsa-mir-125b-1 MI0000446 7.47e+03 chr11 122099757 122099844 − ✓ hsa-mir-125b-2 MI0000470 7.32e+03 chr21 16590237 16590325 + ✓ hsa-mir-126 MI0000471  1.1e+04 chr9 136670602 136670686 + ✓ hsa-mir-127 MI0000472 2.09e+03 chr14 100882979 100883075 + — hsa-mir-128-1 MI0000447 4.19e+03 chr2 135665397 135665478 + ✓ hsa-mir-128-2 MI0000727 3.98e+03 chr3 35744476 35744559 + ✓ hsa-mir-129-1 MI0000252 1.18e+03 chr7 128207872 128207943 + ✓ hsa-mir-129-2 MI0000473 1.17e+03 chr11 43581394 43581483 + ✓ hsa-mir-130a MI0000448 5.44e+03 chr11 57641198 57641286 + — hsa-mir-130b MI0000748 1.49e+03 chr22 21653304 21653385 + ✓ hsa-mir-132 MI0000449 616 chr17 2049908 2050008 − ✓ hsa-mir-133a-1 MI0000450 2.05e+03 chr18 21825698 21825785 − ✓ hsa-mir-133a-2 MI0000451 2.05e+03 chr20 62564912 62565013 + ✓ hsa-mir-133b MI0000822 1.42e+03 chr6 52148923 52149041 + — hsa-mir-134 MI0000474 568 chr14 101054687 101054759 + ✓ hsa-mir-135a-1 MI0000452 719 chr3 52294219 52294308 − ✓ hsa-mir-135a-2 MI0000453 846 chr12 97563812 97563911 + — hsa-mir-135b MI0000810 699 chr1 205448302 205448398 − ✓ hsa-mir-136 MI0000475 1.04e+03 chr14 100884702 100884783 + ✓ hsa-mir-137 MI0000454 120 chr1 98046070 98046171 − — hsa-mir-138-1 MI0000476 850 chr3 44114212 44114310 + ✓ hsa-mir-138-2 MI0000455 859 chr16 56858518 56858601 + — hsa-mir-139 MI0000261 495 chr11 72615063 72615130 − ✓ hsa-mir-140 MI0000456 9.46e+03 chr16 69933081 69933180 + ✓ hsa-mir-141 MI0000457 3.72e+03 chr12 6964097 6964191 + ✓ hsa-mir-142 MI0000458  1.3e+04 chr17 58331232 58331318 − — hsa-mir-143 MI0000459 2.47e+04 chr5 149428918 149429023 + ✓ hsa-mir-144 MI0000460 3.44e+03 chr17 28861533 28861618 − ✓ hsa-mir-145 MI0000461 2.39e+04 chr5 149430646 149430733 + — hsa-mir-146a MI0000477 6.67e+03 chr5 160485352 160485450 + ✓ hsa-mir-146b MI0003129 4.26e+03 chr10 102436512 102436584 + — hsa-mir-147a MI0000262 719 chr9 120244979 120245050 − — hsa-mir-147b MI0005544 720 chr15 45433050 45433129 + — hsa-mir-148a MI0000253  4.3e+03 chr7 25949919 25949986 − ✓ hsa-mir-148b MI0000811  1.1e+03 chr12 54337216 54337314 + ✓ hsa-mir-149 MI0000478 913 chr2 240456001 240456089 + ✓ hsa-mir-150 MI0000479 2.64e+03 chr19 49500785 49500868 − ✓ hsa-mir-151a MI0000809 7.65e+03 chr8 140732564 140732653 − ✓ hsa-mir-151b MI0003772 4.29e+03 chr14 100109419 100109514 − — hsa-mir-152 MI0000462 1.62e+03 chr17 48037161 48037247 − ✓ hsa-mir-153-1 MI0000463 153 chr2 219294111 219294200 − — hsa-mir-153-2 MI0000464 159 chr7 157574336 157574422 − — hsa-mir-154 MI0000480 202 chr14 101059755 101059838 + ✓ hsa-mir-155 MI0000681 2.94e+03 chr21 25573980 25574044 + ✓ hsa-mir-181a-1 MI0000289 7.78e+03 chr1 198859044 198859153 − ✓ hsa-mir-181a-2 MI0000269 7.01e+03 chr9 124692442 124692551 + — hsa-mir-181b-1 MI0000270 4.24e+03 chr1 198858873 198858982 − — hsa-mir-181b-2 MI0000683 4.37e+03 chr9 124693710 124693798 + ✓ hsa-mir-181c MI0000271 1.22e+03 chr19 13874699 13874808 + — hsa-mir-181d MI0003139 3.65e+03 chr19 13874875 13875011 + ✓ hsa-mir-182 MI0000272 1.58e+03 chr7 129770383 129770492 − ✓ hsa-mir-183 MI0000273 844 chr7 129774905 129775014 − ✓ hsa-mir-184 MI0000481 595 chr15 79209788 79209871 + — hsa-mir-185 MI0000482 5.32e+03 chr22 20033139 20033220 + ✓ hsa-mir-186 MI0000483 2.37e+03 chr1 71067631 71067716 − ✓ hsa-mir-187 MI0000274 331 chr18 35904818 35904926 − — hsa-mir-188 MI0000484 642 chrX 50003503 50003588 + ✓ hsa-mir-190a MI0000486 703 chr15 62823957 62824041 + ✓ hsa-mir-190b MI0005545 199 chr1 154193665 154193743 − — hsa-mir-191 MI0000465 1.24e+04 chr3 49020618 49020709 − ✓ hsa-mir-192 MI0000234 4.81e+03 chr11 64891137 64891246 − ✓ hsa-mir-193a MI0000487 3.28e+03 chr17 31559996 31560083 + ✓ hsa-mir-193b MI0003137 1.96e+03 chr16 14303967 14304049 + ✓ hsa-mir-194-1 MI0000488 381 chr1 220118157 220118241 − — hsa-mir-194-2 MI0000732 535 chr11 64891355 64891439 − ✓ hsa-mir-195 MI0000489 3.34e+03 chr17 7017615 7017701 − ✓ hsa-mir-196a-1 MI0000238 1.21e+03 chr17 48632490 48632559 − — hsa-mir-196a-2 MI0000279 1.37e+03 chr12 53991738 53991847 + ✓ hsa-mir-196b MI0001150 1.21e+03 chr7 27169480 27169563 − ✓ hsa-mir-197 MI0000239 1.42e+03 chr1 109598893 109598967 + ✓ hsa-mir-198 MI0000240 107 chr3 120395668 120395729 − — hsa-mir-199a-1 MI0000242 7.48e+03 chr19 10817426 10817496 − ✓ hsa-mir-199a-2 MI0000281 7.63e+03 chr1 172144535 172144644 − ✓ hsa-mir-199b MI0000282 6.16e+03 chr9 128244721 128244830 − ✓ hsa-mir-200a MI0000737  2.4e+03 chr1 1167863 1167952 + ✓ hsa-mir-200b MI0000342 6.62e+03 chr1 1167104 1167198 + ✓ hsa-mir-200c MI0000650 8.46e+03 chr12 6963699 6963766 + ✓ hsa-mir-202 MI0003130 1.7e+03 chr10 133247511 133247620 − ✓ hsa-mir-203a MI0000283 2.75e+03 chr14 104117405 104117514 + ✓ hsa-mir-203b MI0017343 15.8 chr14 104117418 104117503 − — hsa-mir-204 MI0000284 1.59e+03 chr9 70809975 70810084 − — hsa-mir-205 MI0000285 1.01e+04 chr1 209432133 209432242 + — hsa-mir-206 MI0000490 1.86e+03 chr6 52144349 52144434 + — hsa-mir-208a MI0000251 205 chr14 23388596 23388666 − — hsa-mir-208b MI0005570 779 chr14 23417987 23418063 − ✓ hsa-mir-210 MI0000286 2.05e+03 chr11 568089 568198 − ✓ hsa-mir-211 MI0000287 9.29e+03 chr15 31065032 31065141 − ✓ hsa-mir-212 MI0000288 285 chr17 2050271 2050380 − — hsa-mir-214 MI0000290 2.16e+03 chr1 172138798 172138907 − — hsa-mir-215 MI0000291 1.95e+03 chr1 220117853 220117962 − — hsa-mir-216a MI0000292 159 chr2 55988950 55989059 − — hsa-mir-216b MI0005569 188 chr2 56000714 56000795 − — hsa-mir-217 MI0000293 315 chr2 55982967 55983076 − — hsa-mir-218-1 MI0000294 1.46e+03 chr4 20528275 20528384 + ✓ hsa-mir-218-2 MI0000295 1.38e+03 chr5 168768146 168768255 − — hsa-mir-219a-1 MI0000296 163 chr6 33207835 33207944 + ✓ hsa-mir-219a-2 MI0000740 1.04e+03 chr9 128392618 128392714 − ✓ hsa-mir-219b MI0017299 23.2 chr9 128392621 128392708 + ✓ hsa-mir-221 MI0000298 8.06e+03 chrX 45746157 45746266 − ✓ hsa-mir-222 MI0000299 5.15e+03 chrX 45747015 45747124 − ✓ hsa-mir-223 MI0000300 5.81e+03 chrX 66018870 66018979 + ✓ hsa-mir-224 MI0000301 620 chrX 151958578 151958658 − — hsa-mir-296 MI0000747 355 chr20 58817615 58817694 − ✓ hsa-mir-297 MI0005775 52.3 chr4 110860582 110860647 − — hsa-mir-298 MI0005523 16.3 chr20 58818226 58818313 − — hsa-mir-299 MI0000744 399 chr14 101023794 101023856 + ✓ hsa-mir-300 MI0005525 56.7 chr14 101041363 101041445 + — hsa-mir-301a MI0000745 582 chr17 59151136 59151221 − ✓ hsa-mir-301b MI0005568 124 chr22 21652981 21653058 + ✓ hsa-mir-302a MI0000738 1.87e+04 chr4 112648183 112648251 − ✓ hsa-mir-302b MI0000772 4.58e+04 chr4 112648485 112648557 − — hsa-mir-302c MI0000773 1.35e+05 chr4 112648363 112648430 − ✓ hsa-mir-302d MI0000774 6.57e+04 chr4 112648004 112648071 − — hsa-mir-302e MI0006417 8.41e+03 chr11 7234766 7234837 + — hsa-mir-302f MI0006418 3.42e+03 chr18 30298910 30298960 + — hsa-mir-320a MI0000542 1.28e+04 chr8 22244962 22245043 − — hsa-mir-320b-1 MI0003776  9.8e+03 chr1 116671749 116671827 + — hsa-mir-320b-2 MI0003839 1.05e+04 chr1 224257004 224257141 − — hsa-mir-320c-1 MI0003778 4.98e+03 chr18 21683510 21683597 + — hsa-mir-320c-2 MI0008191 3.67e+03 chr18 24321686 24321735 + — hsa-mir-320d-1 MI0008190 3.13e+03 chr13 40727828 40727875 − — hsa-mir-320d-2 MI0008192 3.14e+03 chrX 140926172 140926219 − — hsa-mir-320e MI0014234 1.62e+03 chr19 46709293 46709345 − — hsa-mir-323a MI0000807 196 chr14 101025732 101025817 + ✓ hsa-mir-323b MI0014206 60.2 chr14 101056219 101056300 + — hsa-mir-324 MI0000813 1.47e+03 chr17 7223297 7223379 − — hsa-mir-325 MI0000824 42.5 chrX 77005404 77005501 − — hsa-mir-326 MI0000808 128 chr11 75335092 75335186 − — hsa-mir-328 MI0000804 424 chr16 67202321 67202395 − ✓ hsa-mir-329-1 MI0001725 198 chr14 101026785 101026864 + ✓ hsa-mir-329-2 MI0001726 198 chr14 101027100 101027183 + ✓ hsa-mir-330 MI0000803 2.01e+03 chr19 45638994 45639087 − ✓ hsa-mir-331 MI0000812 1.43e+03 chr12 95308420 95308513 + ✓ hsa-mir-335 MI0000816 1.11e+04 chr7 130496111 130496204 + ✓ hsa-mir-337 MI0000806 792 chr14 100874493 100874585 + ✓ hsa-mir-338 MI0000814 677 chr17 81125883 81125949 − ✓ hsa-mir-339 MI0000815 2.02e+03 chr7 1022933 1023026 − ✓ hsa-mir-340 MI0000802 774 chr5 180015303 180015397 − ✓ hsa-mir-342 MI0000805 1.39e+03 chr14 100109655 100109753 + ✓ hsa-mir-345 MI0000825 2.86e+03 chr14 100307859 100307956 + ✓ hsa-mir-346 MI0000826 102 chr10 86264694 86264788 − — hsa-mir-361 MI0000760 2.44e+03 chrX 85903636 85903707 − ✓ hsa-mir-362 MI0000762 673 chrX 50008964 50009028 + ✓ hsa-mir-363 MI0000764 4.72e+03 chrX 134169378 134169452 − ✓ hsa-mir-365a MI0000767 3.85e+03 chr16 14309285 14309371 + ✓ hsa-mir-365b MI0000769 3.76e+03 chr17 31575411 31575521 + ✓ hsa-mir-367 MI0000775 140 chr4 112647874 112647941 − — hsa-mir-369 MI0000777 468 chr14 101065598 101065667 + ✓ hsa-mir-370 MI0000778 179 chr14 100911139 100911213 + ✓ hsa-mir-371a MI0000779 56.4 chr19 53787675 53787741 + — hsa-mir-371b MI0017393 294 chr19 53787677 53787742 − — hsa-mir-372 MI0000780 108 chr19 53787890 53787956 + — hsa-mir-373 MI0000781 79 chr19 53788705 53788773 + — hsa-mir-374a MI0000782 2.01e+03 chrX 74287286 74287357 − ✓ hsa-mir-374b MI0005566 1.29e+03 chrX 74218547 74218618 − ✓ hsa-mir-374c MI0016684 563 chrX 74218549 74218618 + — hsa-mir-375 MI0000783 1.05e+03 chr2 219001645 219001708 − — hsa-mir-376a-1 MI0000784 1.01e+03 chr14 101040782 101040849 + ✓ hsa-mir-376a-2 MI0003529 1.05e+03 chr14 101040069 101040148 + ✓ hsa-mir-376b MI0002466 912 chr14 101040436 101040535 + — hsa-mir-376c MI0000776 1.35e+03 chr14 101039690 101039755 + ✓ hsa-mir-377 MI0000785 325 chr14 101062050 101062118 + ✓ hsa-mir-378a MI0000786 7.03e+03 chr5 149732825 149732890 + ✓ hsa-mir-378b MI0014154 1.17e+03 chr3 10330229 10330285 + — hsa-mir-378c MI0015825 3.22e+03 chr10 130962588 130962668 − — hsa-mir-378d-1 MI0016749 1.76e+03 chr4 5923275 5923328 − — hsa-mir-378d-2 MI0003840 2.28e+03 chr8 93916022 93916119 − — hsa-mir-378e MI0016750 726 chr5 170028488 170028566 + — hsa-mir-378f MI0016756 1.95e+03 chr1 23929070 23929147 + — hsa-mir-378g MI0016761 1.69e+03 chr1 94745860 94745900 − — hsa-mir-378h MI0016808 609 chr5 154829458 154829540 + — hsa-mir-378i MI0016902 1.68e+03 chr22 41923222 41923297 − — hsa-mir-378j MI0021273 101 chr17 37614931 37615039 − — hsa-mir-379 MI0000787 324 chr14 101022066 101022132 + ✓ hsa-mir-380 MI0000788 67 chr14 101025017 101025077 + — hsa-mir-381 MI0000789 486 chr14 101045920 101045994 + ✓ hsa-mir-382 MI0000790 523 chr14 101054306 101054381 + ✓ hsa-mir-383 MI0000791 196 chr8 14853438 14853510 − — hsa-mir-384 MI0001145 — chrX 76919273 76919360 − — hsa-mir-409 MI0001735 443 chr14 101065300 101065378 + ✓ hsa-mir-410 MI0002465 159 chr14 101065912 101065991 + — hsa-mir-411 MI0003675 533 chr14 101023325 101023420 + ✓ hsa-mir-412 MI0002464 87.3 chr14 101065447 101065537 + — hsa-mir-421 MI0003685 409 chrX 74218377 74218461 − — hsa-mir-422a MI0001444 140 chr15 63870930 63871019 − — hsa-mir-423 MI0001445 8.78e+03 chr17 30117079 30117172 + ✓ hsa-mir-424 MI0001446 1.08e+04 chrX 134546614 134546711 − ✓ hsa-mir-425 MI0001448 2.44e+03 chr3 49020148 49020234 − ✓ hsa-mir-429 MI0001641 904 chr1 1169005 1169087 + — hsa-mir-431 MI0001721 52.1 chr14 100881007 100881120 + ✓ hsa-mir-432 MI0003133 761 chr14 100884483 100884576 + — hsa-mir-433 MI0001723 522 chr14 100881886 100881978 + ✓ hsa-mir-448 MI0001637 24.7 chrX 114823454 114823564 + — hsa-mir-449a MI0001648 197 chr5 55170532 55170622 − — hsa-mir-449b MI0003673 195 chr5 55170646 55170742 − — hsa-mir-449c MI0003823 102 chr5 55172262 55172353 − — hsa-mir-450a-1 MI0001652 1.75e+03 chrX 134540341 134540431 − ✓ hsa-mir-450a-2 MI0003187 1.73e+03 chrX 134540508 134540607 − ✓ hsa-mir-450b MI0005531 482 chrX 134540185 134540262 − ✓ hsa-mir-451a MI0001729 6.77e+03 chr17 28861369 28861440 − — hsa-mir-451b MI0017360 150 chr17 28861371 28861438 + — hsa-mir-452 MI0001733 729 chrX 151959628 151959712 − — hsa-mir-454 MI0003820 377 chr17 59137758 59137872 − ✓ hsa-mir-455 MI0003513 3.06e+03 chr9 114209434 114209529 + — hsa-mir-466 MI0014157 65.9 chr3 31161704 31161787 − — hsa-mir-483 MI0002467 1.11e+03 chr11 2134134 2134209 − ✓ hsa-mir-484 MI0002468 1.36e+03 chr16 15643294 15643372 + — hsa-mir-485 MI0002469 252 chr14 101055419 101055491 + ✓ hsa-mir-486-1 MI0002470 2.87e+03 chr8 41660441 41660508 − ✓ hsa-mir-486-2 MI0023622 32.1 chr8 41660444 41660507 + — hsa-mir-487a MI0002471 71.2 chr14 101052446 101052525 + — hsa-mir-487b MI0003530 306 chr14 101046455 101046538 + ✓ hsa-mir-488 MI0003123 317 chr1 177029363 177029445 − ✓ hsa-mir-489 MI0003124 72.4 chr7 93483936 93484019 − — hsa-mir-490 MI0003125 119 chr7 136903167 136903294 + ✓ hsa-mir-491 MI0003126 60.6 chr9 20716105 20716188 + ✓ hsa-mir-492 MI0003131 324 chr12 94834398 94834513 + — hsa-mir-493 MI0003132 529 chr14 100869060 100869148 + ✓ hsa-mir-494 MI0003134 214 chr14 101029634 101029714 + ✓ hsa-mir-495 MI0003135 496 chr14 101033755 101033836 + ✓ hsa-mir-496 MI0003136 53.9 chr14 101060573 101060674 + — hsa-mir-497 MI0003138 1.35e+03 chr17 7017911 7018022 − ✓ hsa-mir-498 MI0003142 57.2 chr19 53674197 53674320 + — hsa-mir-499a MI0003183 318 chr20 34990376 34990497 + — hsa-mir-499b MI0017396 2.07 chr20 34990400 34990472 − — hsa-mir-500a MI0003184 1.35e+03 chrX 50008431 50008514 + ✓ hsa-mir-500b MI0015903 272 chrX 50010672 50010750 + — hsa-mir-501 MI0003185 1.08e+03 chrX 50009722 50009805 + — hsa-mir-502 MI0003186 1.26e+03 chrX 50014598 50014683 + — hsa-mir-503 MI0003188 1.59e+03 chrX 134546328 134546398 − ✓ hsa-mir-504 MI0003189 80.9 chrX 138667711 138667793 − ✓ hsa-mir-505 MI0003190 916 chrX 139924148 139924231 − ✓ hsa-mir-506 MI0003193 619 chrX 147230720 147230843 − ✓ hsa-mir-507 MI0003194 89.2 chrX 147230984 147231077 − — hsa-mir-508 MI0003195 5.42e+03 chrX 147236913 147237027 − ✓ hsa-mir-509-1 MI0003196 5.29e+03 chrX 147260532 147260625 − ✓ hsa-mir-509-2 MI0005530 5.14e+03 chrX 147258760 147258850 − ✓ hsa-mir-509-3 MI0005717   9e+03 chrX 147259652 147259726 − ✓ hsa-mir-510 MI0003197 159 chrX 147272335 147272408 − ✓ hsa-mir-511 MI0003127 78.7 chr10 17845107 17845193 + — hsa-mir-512-1 MI0003140 72.6 chr19 53666679 53666762 + — hsa-mir-512-2 MI0003141 73.1 chr19 53669157 53669254 + — hsa-mir-513a-1 MI0003191 371 chrX 147213463 147213591 − — hsa-mir-513a-2 MI0003192 381 chrX 147225826 147225952 − — hsa-mir-513b MI0006648 314 chrX 147199044 147199127 − — hsa-mir-513c MI0006649 329 chrX 147189704 147189787 − ✓ hsa-mir-514a-1 MI0003198 3.49e+03 chrX 147279247 147279344 − ✓ hsa-mir-514a-2 MI0003199 3.21e+03 chrX 147281943 147282030 − ✓ hsa-mir-514a-3 MI0003200 3.23e+03 chrX 147284641 147284728 − ✓ hsa-mir-514b MI0014251 404 chrX 147250151 147250230 − ✓ hsa-mir-515-1 MI0003144 118 chr19 53679003 53679085 + — hsa-mir-515-2 MI0003147 116 chr19 53685009 53685091 + — hsa-mir-516a-1 MI0003180 518 chr19 53756741 53756830 + — hsa-mir-516a-2 MI0003181 464 chr19 53761133 53761222 + — hsa-mir-516b-1 MI0003172 193 chr19 53736845 53736934 + — hsa-mir-516b-2 MI0003167 1.84e+03 chr19 53725442 53725526 + — hsa-mir-517a MI0003161 169 chr19 53712268 53712354 + — hsa-mir-517b MI0003165 193 chr19 53721076 53721142 + — hsa-mir-517c MI0003174 176 chr19 53741313 53741407 + — hsa-mir-518a-1 MI0003170 125 chr19 53731006 53731090 + — hsa-mir-518a-2 MI0003173 118 chr19 53739333 53739419 + — hsa-mir-518b MI0003156 148 chr19 53702737 53702819 + — hsa-mir-518c MI0003159 83.3 chr19 53708735 53708835 + — hsa-mir-518d MI0003171 190 chr19 53734877 53734963 + — hsa-mir-518e MI0003169 205 chr19 53729838 53729925 + — hsa-mir-518f MI0003154 193 chr19 53700015 53700101 + — hsa-mir-519a-1 MI0003178 318 chr19 53752397 53752481 + ✓ hsa-mir-519a-2 MI0003182 347 chr19 53762344 53762430 + — hsa-mir-519b MI0003151 359 chr19 53695213 53695293 + — hsa-mir-519c MI0003148 218 chr19 53686469 53686555 + — hsa-mir-519d MI0003162 199 chr19 53713347 53713434 + — hsa-mir-519e MI0003145 1.12e+03 chr19 53679940 53680023 + — hsa-mir-520a MI0003149 45.1 chr19 53690881 53690965 + — hsa-mir-520b MI0003155 257 chr19 53701227 53701287 + — hsa-mir-520c MI0003158 362 chr19 53707453 53707539 + — hsa-mir-520d MI0003164 141 chr19 53720096 53720182 + — hsa-mir-520e MI0003143 95.4 chr19 53675711 53675797 + — hsa-mir-520f MI0003146 276 chr19 53682159 53682245 + — hsa-mir-520g MI0003166 136 chr19 53722166 53722255 + — hsa-mir-520h MI0003175 127 chr19 53742512 53742599 + — hsa-mir-521-1 MI0003176 238 chr19 53748636 53748722 + — hsa-mir-521-2 MI0003163 284 chr19 53716594 53716680 + — hsa-mir-522 MI0003177 226 chr19 53751211 53751297 + — hsa-mir-523 MI0003153 190 chr19 53698385 53698471 + — hsa-mir-524 MI0003160 133 chr19 53711002 53711088 + — hsa-mir-525 MI0003152 144 chr19 53697533 53697617 + — hsa-mir-526a-1 MI0003157 192 chr19 53706252 53706336 + — hsa-mir-526a-2 MI0003168 170 chr19 53726922 53726986 + — hsa-mir-526b MI0003150 216 chr19 53694393 53694475 + — hsa-mir-527 MI0003179 199 chr19 53754018 53754102 + — hsa-mir-532 MI0003205 2.28e+03 chrX 50003148 50003238 + ✓ hsa-mir-539 MI0003514 452 chr14 101047321 101047398 + ✓ hsa-mir-541 MI0005539 60.1 chr14 101064495 101064578 + — hsa-mir-542 MI0003686 1.24e+03 chrX 134541341 134541437 − ✓ hsa-mir-543 MI0005565 355 chr14 101031987 101032064 + ✓ hsa-mir-544a MI0003515 83 chr14 101048658 101048748 + — hsa-mir-544b MI0014159 100 chr3 124732439 124732516 + — hsa-mir-545 MI0003516 157 chrX 74287104 74287209 − ✓ hsa-mir-548a-1 MI0003593 197 chr6 18571784 18571880 + — hsa-mir-548a-2 MI0003598 202 chr6 135239160 135239256 + — hsa-mir-548a-3 MI0003612 97 chr8 104484369 104484465 − ✓ hsa-mir-548aa-1 MI0016689 136 chr8 123348034 123348130 + — hsa-mir-548aa-2 MI0016690 431 chr17 67471489 67471585 + — hsa-mir-548ab MI0016752 195 chr3 103524033 103524116 − — hsa-mir-548ac MI0016762 196 chr1 116560024 116560111 − — hsa-mir-548ad MI0016770 294 chr2 35471405 35471486 + — hsa-mir-548ae-1 MI0016779 64.3 chr2 184378975 184379044 + — hsa-mir-548ae-2 MI0016780 344 chr5 58530043 58530109 − — hsa-mir-548ag-1 MI0016793 99.7 chr4 60922619 60922684 + — hsa-mir-548ag-2 MI0016794 109 chr20 60564562 60564625 + — hsa-mir-548ah MI0016796 67.2 chr4 76575551 76575626 + — hsa-mir-548ai MI0016813 145 chr6 99124609 99124696 + — hsa-mir-548aj-1 MI0016814 81.6 chr6 132115192 132115263 − — hsa-mir-548aj-2 MI0016815 165 chrX 38023895 38023986 − — hsa-mir-548ak MI0016840 146 chr10 12130760 12130816 − — hsa-mir-548al MI0016851 112 chr11 74399237 74399333 + — hsa-mir-548am MI0016904 316 chrX 16627012 16627085 − — hsa-mir-548an MI0016907 91.8 chrX 106639814 106639896 + — hsa-mir-548ao MI0017871 106 chr8 41271048 41271143 − — hsa-mir-548ap MI0017875 155 chr15 85825635 85825730 + — hsa-mir-548aq MI0019130 100 chr3 185767847 185767904 − — hsa-mir-548ar MI0019131 109 chr13 114244505 114244561 + ✓ hsa-mir-548as MI0019132 111 chr13 92490163 92490220 + — hsa-mir-548at MI0019137 56.3 chr17 42494773 42494830 + — hsa-mir-548au MI0019145 230 chr9 93594841 93594894 + — hsa-mir-548av MI0019152 69.2 chr18 72853321 72853382 − — hsa-mir-548aw MI0019283 58.6 chr9 132945707 132945771 + — hsa-mir-548ax MI0019286 101 chrX 11318614 11318686 − — hsa-mir-548ay MI0022210 334 chr3 32506283 32506389 − — hsa-mir-548az MI0022212 214 chr8 119325171 119325265 + — hsa-mir-548b MI0003596 282 chr6 119069047 119069143 − — hsa-mir-548ba MI0025747 4.23 chr2 49059603 49059658 + — hsa-mir-548bb MI0029321 4.32 chr3 60617805 60617870 − — hsa-mir-548c MI0003630 331 chr12 64622509 64622605 + — hsa-mir-548d-1 MI0003668 341 chr8 123348034 123348130 − ✓ hsa-mir-548d-2 MI0003671 335 chr17 67471489 67471585 − ✓ hsa-mir-548e MI0006344 102 chr10 110988926 110989013 + ✓ hsa-mir-548f-1 MI0006374 129 chr10 54607874 54607957 − — hsa-mir-548f-2 MI0006375 61.7 chr2 212426263 212426360 − — hsa-mir-548f-3 MI0006376 59.6 chr5 110513829 110513915 − — hsa-mir-548f-4 MI0006377 187 chr7 147378017 147378121 − — hsa-mir-548f-5 MI0006378 28.2 chrX 32641474 32641559 − — hsa-mir-548g MI0006395 109 chr4 147344629 147344717 − — hsa-mir-548h-1 MI0006411 113 chr14 64095024 64095125 − — hsa-mir-548h-2 MI0006412 169 chr16 11306440 11306527 − — hsa-mir-548h-3 MI0006413 367 chr17 13543529 13543646 − — hsa-mir-548h-4 MI0006414 251 chr8 27048853 27048963 − ✓ hsa-mir-548h-5 MI0016751 106 chr6 131792172 131792231 + — hsa-mir-548i-1 MI0006421 226 chr3 125790404 125790552 − — hsa-mir-548i-2 MI0006422 227 chr4 9556168 9556316 − — hsa-mir-548i-3 MI0006423 223 chr8 8088941 8089089 − — hsa-mir-548i-4 MI0006424 205 chrX 84225752 84225828 − — hsa-mir-548j MI0006345 114 chr22 26555212 26555323 − ✓ hsa-mir-548k MI0006354 157 chr11 70283955 70284070 + — hsa-mir-548l MI0006361 86.3 chr11 94466495 94466580 − — hsa-mir-548m MI0006400 49.4 chrX 95063141 95063226 − — hsa-mir-548n MI0006399 232 chr7 34940760 34940834 − — hsa-mir-548o MI0006402 33.2 chr7 102405742 102405855 − — hsa-mir-548o-2 MI0016746 288 chr20 38516563 38516632 + ✓ hsa-mir-548p MI0006420 60.2 chr5 100816482 100816565 − — hsa-mir-548q MI0010637 111 chr10 12725254 12725353 − — hsa-mir-548s MI0014141 52.1 chr2 11767444 11767525 + — hsa-mir-548t MI0014164 116 chr4 173268160 173268233 + — hsa-mir-548u MI0014168 45.8 chr6 57390132 57390212 + — hsa-mir-548v MI0014174 160 chr8 17681578 17681657 − ✓ hsa-mir-548w MI0014222 157 chr16 26025237 26025310 + — hsa-mir-548x MI0014244 129 chr21 18686090 18686164 − — hsa-mir-548x-2 MI0016833 187 chr13 65966330 65966429 − — hsa-mir-548y MI0016595 81.8 chr14 47760995 47761104 − — hsa-mir-548z MI0016688 213 chr12 64622509 64622605 − — hsa-mir-549a MI0003679 80.9 chr15 80841978 80842073 − — hsa-mir-550a-1 MI0003600 329 chr7 30289794 30289890 + — hsa-mir-550a-2 MI0003601 329 chr7 32732981 32733077 + — hsa-mir-550a-3 MI0003762 319 chr7 29680734 29680828 − — hsa-mir-550b-1 MI0016686 147 chr7 30289794 30289890 − — hsa-mir-550b-2 MI0016687 153 chr7 32732981 32733077 − — hsa-mir-551a MI0003556 117 chr1 3560695 3560790 − — hsa-mir-551b MI0003575 237 chr3 168551854 168551949 + ✓ hsa-mir-552 MI0003557 72.2 chr1 34669599 34669694 − — hsa-mir-553 MI0003558 16.4 chr1 100281241 100281308 + — hsa-mir-554 MI0003559 10.5 chr1 151545796 151545891 + — hsa-mir-555 MI0003561 30.6 chr1 155346350 155346445 − — hsa-mir-556 MI0003562 71.7 chr1 162342546 162342640 + ✓ hsa-mir-557 MI0003563 121 chr1 168375524 168375621 + — hsa-mir-558 MI0003564 446 chr2 32532153 32532246 + — hsa-mir-559 MI0003565 341 chr2 47377675 47377770 + — hsa-mir-561 MI0003567 75.7 chr2 188297492 188297588 + ✓ hsa-mir-562 MI0003568 190 chr2 232172653 232172747 + — hsa-mir-563 MI0003569 444 chr3 15873771 15873849 + — hsa-mir-564 MI0003570 56.9 chr3 44861888 44861981 + — hsa-mir-566 MI0003572 2.13e+03 chr3 50173326 50173419 + — hsa-mir-567 MI0003573 1.54e+03 chr3 112112801 112112898 + — hsa-mir-568 MI0003574 83.7 chr3 114316475 114316569 − — hsa-mir-569 MI0003576 16.9 chr3 171106664 171106759 − — hsa-mir-570 MI0003577 61.4 chr3 195699401 195699497 + ✓ hsa-mir-571 MI0003578 18.1 chr4 350157 350252 + — hsa-mir-572 MI0003579 289 chr4 11368827 11368921 + — hsa-mir-573 MI0003580 24.3 chr4 24520192 24520290 − — hsa-mir-574 MI0003581 3.48e+03 chr4 38868032 38868127 + ✓ hsa-mir-575 MI0003582 176 chr4 82753337 82753430 − — hsa-mir-576 MI0003583 356 chr4 109488698 109488795 + ✓ hsa-mir-577 MI0003584 114 chr4 114656759 114656854 + ✓ hsa-mir-578 MI0003585 17.8 chr4 165386242 165386337 + — hsa-mir-579 MI0003586 83 chr5 32394378 32394475 − ✓ hsa-mir-580 MI0003587 75 chr5 36147892 36147988 − — hsa-mir-581 MI0003588 12.3 chr5 53951504 53951599 − — hsa-mir-582 MI0003589 471 chr5 59703606 59703703 − ✓ hsa-mir-583 MI0003590 30.8 chr5 96079138 96079212 + — hsa-mir-584 MI0003591 1.49e+03 chr5 149062313 149062409 − ✓ hsa-mir-585 MI0003592 115 chr5 169263601 169263694 − — hsa-mir-586 MI0003594 — chr6 45197674 45197770 − — hsa-mir-587 MI0003595 27.2 chr6 106784125 106784220 + — hsa-mir-588 MI0003597 22 chr6 126484631 126484713 + — hsa-mir-589 MI0003599 284 chr7 5495819 5495917 − ✓ hsa-mir-590 MI0003602 523 chr7 74191198 74191294 + ✓ hsa-mir-591 MI0003603 38.6 chr7 96219662 96219756 − — hsa-mir-592 MI0003604 65.3 chr7 127058088 127058184 − — hsa-mir-593 MI0003605 148 chr7 128081861 128081960 + — hsa-mir-595 MI0003607 89 chr7 158532718 158532813 − — hsa-mir-596 MI0003608 19.8 chr8 1817231 1817307 + — hsa-mir-597 MI0003609 22.5 chr8 9741672 9741768 + — hsa-mir-598 MI0003610 327 chr8 11035206 11035302 − — hsa-mir-599 MI0003611 99 chr8 99536636 99536730 − — hsa-mir-600 MI0003613 55.2 chr9 123111546 123111643 − — hsa-mir-601 MI0003614 85 chr9 123402525 123402603 − — hsa-mir-602 MI0003615 104 chr9 137838419 137838516 + — hsa-mir-603 MI0003616 66.1 chr10 24275685 24275781 + — hsa-mir-604 MI0003617 43.9 chr10 29545004 29545097 − — hsa-mir-605 MI0003618 172 chr10 51299573 51299655 + — hsa-mir-606 MI0003619 74 chr10 75552458 75552553 + — hsa-mir-607 MI0003620 33.1 chr10 96828669 96828764 − — hsa-mir-608 MI0003621 122 chr10 100974985 100975084 + — hsa-mir-609 MI0003622 43.2 chr10 104218789 104218883 − — hsa-mir-610 MI0003623 59.4 chr11 28056815 28056910 + — hsa-mir-611 MI0003624 51.4 chr11 61792495 61792561 − — hsa-mir-612 MI0003625 104 chr11 65444458 65444557 + — hsa-mir-613 MI0003626 175 chr12 12764649 12764743 + — hsa-mir-614 MI0003627 21.3 chr12 12915829 12915918 + — hsa-mir-615 MI0003628 656 chr12 54033950 54034045 + ✓ hsa-mir-616 MI0003629 48.4 chr12 57519163 57519259 − ✓ hsa-mir-617 MI0003631 44.9 chr12 80832533 80832629 − — hsa-mir-618 MI0003632 31.1 chr12 80935736 80935833 − — hsa-mir-619 MI0003633 951 chr12 108836908 108837006 − — hsa-mir-620 MI0003634 142 chr12 116148560 116148654 − — hsa-mir-621 MI0003635 233 chr13 40810766 40810861 + — hsa-mir-622 MI0003636 147 chr13 90231182 90231277 + — hsa-mir-623 MI0003637 20.2 chr13 99356131 99356228 + — hsa-mir-624 MI0003638 107 chr14 31014646 31014742 − ✓ hsa-mir-625 MI0003639 416 chr14 65471102 65471186 + ✓ hsa-mir-626 MI0003640 65.3 chr15 41691585 41691678 + — hsa-mir-627 MI0003641 109 chr15 42199570 42199666 − ✓ hsa-mir-628 MI0003642 153 chr15 55372940 55373034 − ✓ hsa-mir-629 MI0003643 571 chr15 70079372 70079468 − ✓ hsa-mir-630 MI0003644 0.222 chr15 72587217 72587313 + — hsa-mir-631 MI0003645 17.8 chr15 75353611 75353685 − — hsa-mir-632 MI0003647 293 chr17 32350109 32350202 + — hsa-mir-633 MI0003648 24.1 chr17 62944215 62944312 + — hsa-mir-634 MI0003649 255 chr17 66787072 66787168 + — hsa-mir-635 MI0003650 305 chr17 68424451 68424548 − — hsa-mir-636 MI0003651 2.37e+03 chr17 76736450 76736548 − — hsa-mir-637 MI0003652 744 chr19 3961414 3961512 − — hsa-mir-638 MI0003653 227 chr19 10718404 10718503 + — hsa-mir-639 MI0003654 677 chr19 14529543 14529640 + — hsa-mir-640 MI0003655 137 chr19 19435063 19435158 + — hsa-mir-641 MI0003656 92.4 chr19 40282543 40282641 − — hsa-mir-642a MI0003657 202 chr19 45674928 45675024 + ✓ hsa-mir-642b MI0016685 172 chr19 45674932 45675008 − — hsa-mir-643 MI0003658 17.2 chr19 52281797 52281893 + — hsa-mir-644a MI0003659 49.9 chr20 34466325 34466418 + — hsa-mir-645 MI0003660 21 chr20 50585786 50585879 + — hsa-mir-646 MI0003661 38 chr20 60308474 60308567 + — hsa-mir-647 MI0003662 338 chr20 63942631 63942726 − — hsa-mir-648 MI0003663 106 chr22 17980868 17980961 − — hsa-mir-649 MI0003664 46.1 chr22 21034176 21034272 − — hsa-mir-650 MI0003665 109 chr22 22822776 22822871 + — hsa-mir-651 MI0003666 168 chrX 8126965 8127061 + ✓ hsa-mir-652 MI0003667 1.58e+03 chrX 110055329 110055426 + ✓ hsa-mir-653 MI0003674 109 chr7 93482760 93482855 − — hsa-mir-654 MI0003676 227 chr14 101040219 101040299 + ✓ hsa-mir-655 MI0003677 222 chr14 101049550 101049646 + — hsa-mir-656 MI0003678 73.9 chr14 101066724 101066801 + — hsa-mir-657 MI0003681 130 chr17 81125276 81125373 − — hsa-mir-658 MI0003682 96.1 chr22 37844272 37844371 − — hsa-mir-659 MI0003683 57.9 chr22 37847678 37847774 − — hsa-mir-660 MI0003684 1.22e+03 chrX 50013241 50013337 + ✓ hsa-mir-661 MI0003669 65.4 chr8 143945191 143945279 − — hsa-mir-662 MI0003670 65.2 chr16 770183 770277 + — hsa-mir-663a MI0003672 654 chr20 26208186 26208278 − — hsa-mir-663b MI0006336 286 chr2 132256966 132257080 − — hsa-mir-664a MI0006442 979 chr1 220200538 220200619 − — hsa-mir-664b MI0019134 198 chrX 154768596 154768656 + ✓ hsa-mir-665 MI0005563 225 chr14 100875033 100875104 + — hsa-mir-668 MI0003761 12.7 chr14 101055258 101055323 + — hsa-mir-670 MI0003933 26.6 chr11 43559656 43559753 + — hsa-mir-671 MI0003760 589 chr7 151238421 151238538 + ✓ hsa-mir-675 MI0005416 1.31e+03 chr11 1996759 1996831 − ✓ hsa-mir-676 MI0016436 42.4 chrX 70022857 70022923 + — hsa-mir-708 MI0005543 943 chr11 79402022 79402109 − ✓ hsa-mir-711 MI0012488 68.4 chr3 48578902 48578977 − — hsa-mir-718 MI0012489 236 chrX 154019920 154019989 − — hsa-mir-744 MI0005559 1.22e+03 chr17 12081899 12081996 + ✓ hsa-mir-758 MI0003757 212 chr14 101026020 101026107 + ✓ hsa-mir-759 MI0004065 71.6 chr13 52810050 52810140 + — hsa-mir-760 MI0005567 753 chr1 93846832 93846911 + — hsa-mir-761 MI0003941 164 chr1 51836344 51836402 − — hsa-mir-762 MI0003892 192 chr16 30893903 30893985 + — hsa-mir-764 MI0003944 47.3 chrX 114639435 114639519 + — hsa-mir-765 MI0005116 188 chr1 156936131 156936244 − — hsa-mir-766 MI0003836 503 chrX 119646738 119646848 − ✓ hsa-mir-767 MI0003763 283 chrX 152393421 152393529 − ✓ hsa-mir-769 MI0003834 243 chr19 46018932 46019049 + ✓ hsa-mir-770 MI0005118 46.7 chr14 100852390 100852487 + — hsa-mir-802 MI0003906 40.1 chr21 35720715 35720808 + — hsa-mir-873 MI0005564 316 chr9 28888879 28888955 − ✓ hsa-mir-874 MI0005532 494 chr5 137647572 137647649 − ✓ hsa-mir-875 MI0005541 60.4 chr8 99536786 99536861 − — hsa-mir-876 MI0005542 368 chr9 28863626 28863706 − ✓ hsa-mir-877 MI0005561 888 chr6 30584332 30584417 + — hsa-mir-885 MI0005560 184 chr3 10394489 10394562 − ✓ hsa-mir-887 MI0005562 343 chr5 15935182 15935260 + ✓ hsa-mir-888 MI0005537 7.45 chrX 145994784 145994860 − — hsa-mir-889 MI0005540 178 chr14 101047901 101047979 + — hsa-mir-890 MI0005533 33.8 chrX 145994275 145994351 − — hsa-mir-891a MI0005524 38.9 chrX 146027794 146027872 − — hsa-mir-891b MI0005534 16.1 chrX 146001053 146001131 − — hsa-mir-892a MI0005528 0.506 chrX 145996669 145996743 − — hsa-mir-892b MI0005538 32.3 chrX 145997198 145997274 − — hsa-mir-892c MI0022560 287 chrX 145992750 145992826 − — hsa-mir-920 MI0005712 37.5 chr12 24212421 24212495 + — hsa-mir-921 MI0005713 33.8 chr1 166154743 166154798 − — hsa-mir-922 MI0005714 166 chr3 197674496 197674576 − — hsa-mir-924 MI0005716 372 chr18 39622123 39622175 − — hsa-mir-933 MI0005755 31.1 chr2 175167633 175167709 − — hsa-mir-934 MI0005756 202 chrX 136550878 136550960 + — hsa-mir-935 MI0005757 873 chr19 53982307 53982397 + — hsa-mir-936 MI0005758 36.2 chr10 104048089 104048186 − — hsa-mir-937 MI0005759 59.1 chr8 143812957 143813042 − — hsa-mir-938 MI0005760 30.3 chr10 29602264 29602346 − — hsa-mir-939 MI0005761 92.7 chr8 144394149 144394230 − — hsa-mir-940 MI0005762 321 chr16 2271747 2271840 + — hsa-mir-941-1 MI0005763 601 chr20 63919449 63919520 + — hsa-mir-941-2 MI0005764 611 chr20 63919505 63919576 + — hsa-mir-941-3 MI0005765 591 chr20 63919561 63919632 + — hsa-mir-941-4 MI0005766 590 chr20 63919756 63919827 + — hsa-mir-941-5 MI0031520 280 chr20 63919868 63919939 + ✓ hsa-mir-942 MI0005767 208 chr1 117094643 117094728 + ✓ hsa-mir-943 MI0005768 16.1 chr4 1986384 1986477 − — hsa-mir-944 MI0005769 864 chr3 189829922 189830009 + — hsa-mir-1178 MI0006271 117 chr12 119713634 119713724 − — hsa-mir-1179 MI0006272 133 chr15 88608107 88608197 + — hsa-mir-1180 MI0006273 631 chr17 19344506 19344574 − — hsa-mir-1181 MI0006274 258 chr19 10403458 10403538 − — hsa-mir-1182 MI0006275 164 chr1 231019828 231019924 − — hsa-mir-1183 MI0006276 78.1 chr7 21471058 21471146 + — hsa-mir-1184-1 MI0006277 248 chrX 154887360 154887458 − — hsa-mir-1184-2 MI0015971 247 chrX 155383100 155383198 − — hsa-mir-1184-3 MI0015972 247 chrX 155457517 155457615 + — hsa-mir-1185-1 MI0003844 223 chr14 101042977 101043062 + ✓ hsa-mir-1185-2 MI0003821 243 chr14 101044198 101044283 + ✓ hsa-mir-1193 MI0014205 77.8 chr14 101030052 101030129 + — hsa-mir-1197 MI0006656 31.6 chr14 101025564 101025651 + — hsa-mir-1199 MI0020340 0.171 chr19 14073361 14073479 + — hsa-mir-1200 MI0006332 7.19 chr7 36919357 36919432 − — hsa-mir-1202 MI0006334 81.2 chr6 155946797 155946879 + — hsa-mir-1203 MI0006335 329 chr17 48156427 48156511 − — hsa-mir-1204 MI0006337 22.3 chr8 127795962 127796028 + — hsa-mir-1205 MI0006338 67.8 chr8 127960633 127960695 + — hsa-mir-1206 MI0006339 — chr8 128008898 128008956 + — hsa-mir-1207 MI0006340 106 chr8 128049152 128049238 + — hsa-mir-1208 MI0006341 37 chr8 128150116 128150188 + — hsa-mir-1224 MI0003764 222 chr3 184241405 184241489 + — hsa-mir-1225 MI0006311 111 chr16 2090195 2090284 − — hsa-mir-1226 MI0006313 105 chr3 47849555 47849629 + — hsa-mir-1227 MI0006316 32.6 chr19 2234062 2234149 − — hsa-mir-1228 MI0006318 160 chr12 57194504 57194576 + — hsa-mir-1229 MI0006319 45.2 chr5 179798278 179798346 − — hsa-mir-1231 MI0006321 549 chr1 201808611 201808702 + — hsa-mir-1233-1 MI0006323 114 chr15 34382069 34382150 − — hsa-mir-1233-2 MI0015973 119 chr15 34528290 34528371 − — hsa-mir-1234 MI0006324 1.38 chr8 144400086 144400165 − — hsa-mir-1236 MI0006326 49.7 chr6 31956839 31956940 − — hsa-mir-1237 MI0006327 485 chr11 64368602 64368703 + — hsa-mir-1238 MI0006328 79.4 chr19 10552122 10552204 + — hsa-mir-1243 MI0006373 101 chr4 113106863 113106955 + — hsa-mir-1244-1 MI0006379 84.3 chr2 231713314 231713398 + — hsa-mir-1244-2 MI0015974 92.3 chr5 118974586 118974670 + — hsa-mir-1244-3 MI0015975 92.5 chr12 9239467 9239551 − — hsa-mir-1244-4 MI0031511 9.93 chr12 12111952 12112036 + — hsa-mir-1245a MI0006380 43.2 chr2 188978092 188978161 + — hsa-mir-1245b MI0017431 25.7 chr2 188978093 188978161 − — hsa-mir-1246 MI0006381 9.16e+03 chr2 176600980 176601052 − — hsa-mir-1247 MI0006382 540 chr14 101560287 101560422 − — hsa-mir-1248 MI0006383 166 chr3 186786672 186786777 + — hsa-mir-1249 MI0006384 247 chr22 45200954 45201019 − ✓ hsa-mir-1250 MI0006385 19.4 chr17 81133196 81133308 − — hsa-mir-1251 MI0006386 19.8 chr12 97491909 97491978 + — hsa-mir-1252 MI0006434 41.4 chr12 79419257 79419321 + — hsa-mir-1253 MI0006387  4.8e+03 chr17 2748078 2748182 − — hsa-mir-1254-1 MI0006388 397 chr10 68759318 68759414 + — hsa-mir-1254-2 MI0016747 210 chr10 23393405 23393467 + — hsa-mir-1255a MI0006389 281 chr4 101330302 101330414 − — hsa-mir-1255b-1 MI0006435 242 chr4 36426366 36426428 − — hsa-mir-1255b-2 MI0006436 192 chr1 167998660 167998726 + — hsa-mir-1256 MI0006390 25.6 chr1 20988314 20988432 − — hsa-mir-1257 MI0006391 49.2 chr20 61953546 61953662 − — hsa-mir-1258 MI0006392 22.4 chr2 179860836 179860908 − — hsa-mir-1260a MI0006394 2.05e+03 chr14 77266218 77266290 + — hsa-mir-1260b MI0014197 2.02e+03 chr11 96341438 96341526 + — hsa-mir-1261 MI0006396 1.46e+03 chr11 90869121 90869202 − — hsa-mir-1262 MI0006397 92.5 chr1 68183518 68183610 − — hsa-mir-1263 MI0006398 0.772 chr3 164171471 164171556 − — hsa-mir-1264 MI0003758 212 chrX 114652655 114652723 + — hsa-mir-1265 MI0006401 755 chr10 14436576 14436661 + — hsa-mir-1266 MI0006403 69.5 chr15 52277117 52277200 − — hsa-mir-1267 MI0006404 61.7 chr13 107531171 107531248 − — hsa-mir-1268a MI0006405 1.13e+03 chr15 22225278 22225329 − — hsa-mir-1268b MI0016748 516 chr17 80098828 80098877 + — hsa-mir-1269a MI0006406 1.82e+03 chr4 66276824 66276928 + — hsa-mir-1269b MI0016888 1.77e+03 chr17 12917268 12917342 − — hsa-mir-1270 MI0006407 127 chr19 20399272 20399354 − — hsa-mir-1271 MI0003814 336 chr5 176367946 176368031 + ✓ hsa-mir-1272 MI0006408 75.4 chr15 64762387 64762515 − — hsa-mir-1273a MI0006409 1.93e+03 chr8 100023982 100024084 − — hsa-mir-1273c MI0014171 435 chr6 154853360 154853436 + — hsa-mir-1273d MI0014254 645 chr1 10227718 10227803 + — hsa-mir-1273e MI0016059 1.22e+03 chr17 64425069 64425170 − — hsa-mir-1273f MI0018002  1.4e+03 chr1 52928674 52928772 + — hsa-mir-1273g MI0018003 946 chr1 52940314 52940413 + — hsa-mir-1273h MI0025512 2.83 chr16 24203116 24203231 + — hsa-mir-1275 MI0006415 3.32e+03 chr6 33999972 34000051 − — hsa-mir-1276 MI0006416 58 chr15 85770496 85770578 − — hsa-mir-1277 MI0006419 133 chrX 118386394 118386471 + — hsa-mir-1278 MI0006425 134 chr1 193136503 193136583 + ✓ hsa-mir-1279 MI0006426 21.1 chr12 69273157 69273218 − — hsa-mir-1281 MI0006428 561 chr22 41092513 41092566 + — hsa-mir-1282 MI0006429 284 chr15 43793659 43793759 − — hsa-mir-1283-1 MI0003832 395 chr19 53688481 53688567 + — hsa-mir-1283-2 MI0006430 470 chr19 53758232 53758318 + — hsa-mir-1284 MI0006431 72.1 chr3 71541970 71542089 − — hsa-mir-1285-1 MI0006346 686 chr7 92204015 92204098 − ✓ hsa-mir-1285-2 MI0006347 748 chr2 70252918 70253005 − — hsa-mir-1286 MI0006348 120 chr22 20249134 20249211 − — hsa-mir-1287 MI0006349 161 chr10 98395218 98395307 − ✓ hsa-mir-1288 MI0006432 36.7 chr17 16282014 16282088 + — hsa-mir-1289-1 MI0006350 756 chr20 35453954 35454097 − — hsa-mir-1289-2 MI0006351 27.6 chr5 133427596 133427706 − — hsa-mir-1290 MI0006352 2.55e+03 chr1 18897071 18897148 − — hsa-mir-1291 MI0006353 102 chr12 48654444 48654530 − — hsa-mir-1292 MI0006433 36 chr20 2652777 2652842 + — hsa-mir-1293 MI0006355 176 chr12 50234142 50234212 − — hsa-mir-1294 MI0006356 146 chr5 154347106 154347247 + — hsa-mir-1295a MI0006357 89.4 chr1 171101728 171101806 − — hsa-mir-1295b MI0019146 — chr1 171101739 171101798 + — hsa-mir-1296 MI0003780 449 chr10 63372957 63373048 − ✓ hsa-mir-1297 MI0006358 224 chr13 54311972 54312048 − — hsa-mir-1298 MI0003938 22.1 chrX 114715233 114715344 + — hsa-mir-1299 MI0006359 235 chr9 40929010 40929092 − — hsa-mir-1301 MI0003815 652 chr2 25328640 25328721 − — hsa-mir-1302-1 MI0006362 30.1 chr12 112695034 112695176 − — hsa-mir-1302-10 MI0015979 178 chr15 101960459 101960596 − — hsa-mir-1302-11 MI0015980 193 chr19 71973 72110 + — hsa-mir-1302-2 MI0006363 193 chr1 30366 30503 + — hsa-mir-1302-3 MI0006364 178 chr2 113582959 113583096 − — hsa-mir-1302-4 MI0006365 192 chr2 207269275 207269424 − — hsa-mir-1302-5 MI0006366 56.8 chr20 50614636 50614785 − — hsa-mir-1302-6 MI0006367 40.4 chr7 18127220 18127309 − — hsa-mir-1302-7 MI0006368 34.7 chr8 141786242 141786313 − — hsa-mir-1302-8 MI0006369 31.9 chr9 97363554 97363681 − — hsa-mir-1302-9 MI0015978 193 chr9 30144 30281 + — hsa-mir-1303 MI0006370 997 chr5 154685776 154685861 + — hsa-mir-1304 MI0006371 189 chr11 93733674 93733764 − ✓ hsa-mir-1305 MI0006372 54 chr4 182169293 182169378 + — hsa-mir-1306 MI0006443 213 chr22 20086058 20086142 + ✓ hsa-mir-1307 MI0006444 2.11e+03 chr10 103394253 103394401 − ✓ hsa-mir-1321 MI0006652 73.3 chrX 85835780 85835858 + — hsa-mir-1322 MI0006653 45.2 chr8 10825373 10825443 − — hsa-mir-1323 MI0003786 200 chr19 53671968 53672040 + — hsa-mir-1324 MI0006657 83.1 chr3 75630763 75630858 + — hsa-mir-1343 MI0017320 45.3 chr11 34941837 34941920 + — hsa-mir-1468 MI0003782 78.6 chrX 63786002 63786087 − — hsa-mir-1469 MI0007074 117 chr15 96333261 96333307 + — hsa-mir-1470 MI0007075 700 chr19 15449548 15449608 + — hsa-mir-1471 MI0007076 24.4 chr2 231892242 231892298 − — hsa-mir-1537 MI0007258 41.5 chr1 235853000 235853060 − — hsa-mir-1538 MI0007259 221 chr16 69565808 69565868 − — hsa-mir-1539 MI0007260 — chr18 49487373 49487422 + — hsa-mir-1587 MI0016905 46.1 chrX 39837561 39837613 + — hsa-mir-1825 MI0008193 371 chr20 32237795 32237847 + — hsa-mir-1827 MI0008195 185 chr12 100189884 100189949 + — hsa-mir-1908 MI0008329 680 chr11 61815161 61815240 − ✓ hsa-mir-1909 MI0008330 71 chr19 1816159 1816238 − — hsa-mir-1910 MI0008331 72.6 chr16 85741621 85741700 − ✓ hsa-mir-1911 MI0008332 40.4 chrX 114763184 114763263 + — hsa-mir-1912 MI0008333 90.3 chrX 114651544 114651623 + — hsa-mir-1913 MI0008334 48.1 chr6 166509354 166509433 − — hsa-mir-1914 MI0008335 20 chr20 63941465 63941544 − — hsa-mir-1915 MI0008336 1.45e+03 chr10 21496562 21496641 − — hsa-mir-1972-1 MI0009982 307 chr16 15010321 15010397 − — hsa-mir-1972-2 MI0015977 338 chr16 70030346 70030422 + — hsa-mir-1973 MI0009983 835 chr4 116299725 116299768 + — hsa-mir-1976 MI0009986 115 chr1 26554542 26554593 + — hsa-mir-2052 MI0010486 — chr8 74705693 74705747 + — hsa-mir-2053 MI0010487 20 chr8 112643493 112643583 + — hsa-mir-2054 MI0010488 37 chr4 125507259 125507307 + — hsa-mir-2110 MI0010629 248 chr10 114174105 114174179 − — hsa-mir-2113 MI0003939 15.7 chr6 98024531 98024621 + — hsa-mir-2114 MI0010633 89 chrX 150228004 150228083 + — hsa-mir-2115 MI0010634 51.6 chr3 48316360 48316459 − — hsa-mir-2116 MI0010635 99.6 chr15 59171183 59171262 − ✓ hsa-mir-2117 MI0010636 18.5 chr17 43444806 43444885 + — hsa-mir-2276 MI0011282 45.2 chr13 24162416 24162504 + — hsa-mir-2277 MI0011284 43.9 chr5 93620696 93620788 − — hsa-mir-2278 MI0011285 87.9 chr9 94809962 94810057 + — hsa-mir-2355 MI0015873 198 chr2 207109987 207110073 − — hsa-mir-2392 MI0016870 85.4 chr14 100814491 100814574 + — hsa-mir-2467 MI0017432 28.8 chr2 239351724 239351804 − — hsa-mir-2681 MI0012062 54.4 chr13 101967642 101967746 − — hsa-mir-2682 MI0012063 121 chr1 98045242 98045351 − — hsa-mir-2861 MI0013006 195 chr9 127785918 127786007 + — hsa-mir-2909 MI0013083 86.7 chr17 37033745 37033813 + — hsa-mir-3064 MI0017375 28.9 chr17 64500774 64500839 − — hsa-mir-3065 MI0014228 96.2 chr17 81125877 81125955 + ✓ hsa-mir-3074 MI0014181 52.4 chr9 95086014 95086094 − ✓ hsa-mir-3115 MI0014127 21.7 chr1 23044305 23044372 + — hsa-mir-3116-1 MI0014128 13.8 chr1 62078786 62078859 + — hsa-mir-3116-2 MI0014129 32.7 chr1 62078789 62078856 − — hsa-mir-3117 MI0014130 63.5 chr1 66628440 66628517 + — hsa-mir-3118-1 MI0014131 10.4 chr21 13644775 13644850 − — hsa-mir-3118-2 MI0014132 12 chr15 20832795 20832869 + — hsa-mir-3118-3 MI0014133 12 chr15 21406385 21406459 + — hsa-mir-3118-4 MI0014207 13.8 chr15 21843750 21843824 + — hsa-mir-3119-1 MI0014134 15.7 chr1 170151378 170151462 − — hsa-mir-3119-2 MI0014135 27.1 chr1 170151378 170151462 + — hsa-mir-3120 MI0014136 46.8 chr1 172138808 172138888 + — hsa-mir-3121 MI0014137 17.3 chr1 180438314 180438390 − — hsa-mir-3122 MI0014138 37.1 chr1 212077613 212077685 + — hsa-mir-3123 MI0014139 1.12e+03 chr1 241132272 241132346 + — hsa-mir-3124 MI0014140 34.9 chr1 248826377 248826443 + — hsa-mir-3125 MI0014142 33.8 chr2 12737367 12737444 + — hsa-mir-3126 MI0014143 16.3 chr2 69103682 69103755 + — hsa-mir-3127 MI0014144 78.8 chr2 96798278 96798353 + — hsa-mir-3128 MI0014145 13.6 chr2 177255945 177256010 − — hsa-mir-3129 MI0014146 47.8 chr2 189133036 189133111 − — hsa-mir-3130-1 MI0014147 129 chr2 206783234 206783308 − ✓ hsa-mir-3130-2 MI0014148 131 chr2 206783234 206783308 + ✓ hsa-mir-3131 MI0014151 84.7 chr2 219058688 219058750 − — hsa-mir-3132 MI0014152 71.1 chr2 219549073 219549147 − — hsa-mir-3133 MI0014153 32.8 chr2 241477905 241477982 + — hsa-mir-3134 MI0014155 41.5 chr3 15697298 15697371 − — hsa-mir-3135a MI0014156 118 chr3 20137565 20137641 + — hsa-mir-3135b MI0016809 316 chr6 32749912 32749979 − — hsa-mir-3136 MI0014158 59.3 chr3 69048958 69049035 − — hsa-mir-3137 MI0014160 48.4 chr3 195134506 195134580 − — hsa-mir-3138 MI0014161 65.9 chr4 10078611 10078692 − — hsa-mir-3139 MI0014162 20.9 chr4 143343460 143343535 + — hsa-mir-3140 MI0014163 34.6 chr4 152489327 152489416 − ✓ hsa-mir-3141 MI0014165 578 chr5 154596012 154596072 − — hsa-mir-3142 MI0014166 52.8 chr5 160474402 160474483 + — hsa-mir-3143 MI0014167 33.7 chr6 27147626 27147688 + — hsa-mir-3144 MI0014169 92.5 chr6 120015179 120015257 + ✓ hsa-mir-3145 MI0014170 29.9 chr6 138435213 138435294 − — hsa-mir-3146 MI0014172 6.44 chr7 19705358 19705436 − — hsa-mir-3147 MI0014173 187 chr7 57405025 57405090 + — hsa-mir-3148 MI0014175 82.9 chr8 29957272 29957348 − — hsa-mir-3149 MI0014176 172 chr8 76966768 76966850 − — hsa-mir-3150a MI0014177 24.5 chr8 95072914 95072993 + — hsa-mir-3150b MI0016426 348 chr8 95072911 95072996 − — hsa-mir-3151 MI0014178 49.6 chr8 103154614 103154689 + — hsa-mir-3152 MI0014179 22.4 chr9 18573306 18573379 + — hsa-mir-3153 MI0014180 20.2 chr9 89312225 89312306 + — hsa-mir-3154 MI0014182 105 chr9 128244947 128245030 − — hsa-mir-3155a MI0014183 31.2 chr10 6152196 6152277 + — hsa-mir-3155b MI0016839 126 chr10 6152207 6152262 − — hsa-mir-3156-1 MI0014184 50.8 chr10 45164014 45164088 + — hsa-mir-3156-2 MI0014230 50.8 chr18 14830166 14830242 + — hsa-mir-3156-3 MI0014242 55.9 chr21 13406384 13406460 − — hsa-mir-3157 MI0014185 45.4 chr10 96064315 96064399 − — hsa-mir-3158-1 MI0014186 59.7 chr10 101601417 101601497 + ✓ hsa-mir-3158-2 MI0014187 62 chr10 101601417 101601497 − — hsa-mir-3159 MI0014188 723 chr11 18387787 18387860 + — hsa-mir-3160-1 MI0014189 119 chr11 46451805 46451889 − — hsa-mir-3160-2 MI0014190 100 chr11 46451807 46451887 + — hsa-mir-3161 MI0014191 31.7 chr11 48096782 48096858 + — hsa-mir-3162 MI0014192 209 chr11 59595077 59595158 − — hsa-mir-3163 MI0014193 62.4 chr11 66934434 66934506 − — hsa-mir-3164 MI0014194 46.5 chr11 69083176 69083258 + — hsa-mir-3165 MI0014195 52.8 chr11 72072228 72072302 − — hsa-mir-3166 MI0014196 21.6 chr11 88176502 88176593 + — hsa-mir-3167 MI0014198 34.3 chr11 126988458 126988542 − — hsa-mir-3168 MI0014199 139 chr13 41101019 41101100 − — hsa-mir-3169 MI0014200 30.7 chr13 61199798 61199880 − — hsa-mir-3170 MI0014201 101 chr13 98208524 98208600 + — hsa-mir-3171 MI0014202 36.3 chr14 27633205 27633278 − — hsa-mir-3173 MI0014204 40.7 chr14 95137919 95137986 − — hsa-mir-3174 MI0014208 15 chr15 90006755 90006841 + — hsa-mir-3175 MI0014209 180 chr15 92904399 92904475 + — hsa-mir-3176 MI0014210 62.1 chr16 543277 543366 + — hsa-mir-3177 MI0014211 29.8 chr16 1734985 1735066 + — hsa-mir-3178 MI0014212 1.36e+03 chr16 2531922 2532005 − — hsa-mir-3179-1 MI0014213 41.6 chr16 14901508 14901591 + — hsa-mir-3179-2 MI0014216 41.4 chr16 16300159 16300242 + — hsa-mir-3179-3 MI0014221 41.6 chr16 18411894 18411977 − — hsa-mir-3179-4 MI0031510 44.5 chr16 18494493 18494576 − — hsa-mir-3180-1 MI0014214 860 chr16 14911220 14911313 + — hsa-mir-3180-2 MI0014215 811 chr16 16309879 16309966 + — hsa-mir-3180-3 MI0014217 770 chr16 18402178 18402271 − — hsa-mir-3180-4 MI0016408 476 chr16 15154850 15155002 − — hsa-mir-3180-5 MI0016409 739 chr16 2135977 2136129 − — hsa-mir-3181 MI0014223 55.2 chr16 50742305 50742377 + — hsa-mir-3182 MI0014224 53.2 chr16 83508346 83508408 + — hsa-mir-3183 MI0014225 107 chr17 1022476 1022559 − — hsa-mir-3184 MI0014226 60.1 chr17 30117086 30117160 − — hsa-mir-3185 MI0014227 188 chr17 48724408 48724475 − — hsa-mir-3186 MI0014229 62.8 chr17 81451104 81451188 − — hsa-mir-3187 MI0014231 35.9 chr19 813584 813653 + — hsa-mir-3188 MI0014232 30.7 chr19 18282077 18282161 + — hsa-mir-3189 MI0014233 53.8 chr19 18386562 18386634 + — hsa-mir-3190 MI0014235 59.4 chr19 47226942 47227021 + — hsa-mir-3191 MI0014236 13.4 chr19 47226944 47227019 − — hsa-mir-3192 MI0014237 48.5 chr20 18470615 18470691 + — hsa-mir-3193 MI0014238 15.6 chr20 31607186 31607240 + — hsa-mir-3194 MI0014239 83.8 chr20 51452905 51452977 − — hsa-mir-3195 MI0014240 5.28e+03 chr20 62064802 62064885 + — hsa-mir-3196 MI0014241 791 chr20 63238779 63238842 + — hsa-mir-3197 MI0014245 184 chr21 41167557 41167629 + — hsa-mir-3198-1 MI0014246 45.8 chr22 17764180 17764259 − — hsa-mir-3198-2 MI0017335 41.8 chr12 54231397 54231476 − — hsa-mir-3199-1 MI0014247 46.1 chr22 27920525 27920612 − — hsa-mir-3199-2 MI0014248 44.8 chr22 27920526 27920611 + — hsa-mir-3200 MI0014249 143 chr22 30731557 30731641 + — hsa-mir-3201 MI0014250 46.3 chr22 48274364 48274415 + — hsa-mir-3202-1 MI0014252 308 chrX 153981097 153981177 + — hsa-mir-3202-2 MI0014253 288 chrX 153981098 153981176 − — hsa-mir-3529 MI0017351 27.5 chr15 88611847 88611924 − — hsa-mir-3591 MI0017383 33.9 chr18 58451080 58451152 − — hsa-mir-3605 MI0015995 114 chr1 33332393 33332492 − ✓ hsa-mir-3606 MI0015996 233 chr2 188995630 188995692 + — hsa-mir-3607 MI0015997 347 chr5 86620497 86620575 + — hsa-mir-3609 MI0015999 392 chr7 98881650 98881729 + — hsa-mir-3610 MI0016000 158 chr8 116874728 116874800 − — hsa-mir-3611 MI0016001 216 chr10 35079598 35079680 − — hsa-mir-3612 MI0016002 149 chr12 128294092 128294178 + — hsa-mir-3613 MI0016003 588 chr13 49996415 49996501 − ✓ hsa-mir-3614 MI0016004 256 chr17 56891270 56891355 − ✓ hsa-mir-3615 MI0016005 737 chr17 74748613 74748699 + — hsa-mir-3616 MI0016006 133 chr20 47166967 47167058 + — hsa-mir-3617 MI0016007 28.5 chr20 45705102 45705180 − — hsa-mir-3618 MI0016008 72.6 chr22 20085746 20085833 + — hsa-mir-3619 MI0016009 30.1 chr22 46091044 46091126 + — hsa-mir-3620 MI0016011 63.7 chr1 228097263 228097341 + — hsa-mir-3621 MI0016012 189 chr9 137169186 137169270 − — hsa-mir-3622a MI0016013 167 chr8 27701677 27701759 + — hsa-mir-3622b MI0016014 40.4 chr8 27701673 27701767 − — hsa-mir-3646 MI0016046 30.5 chr20 44408120 44408203 + — hsa-mir-3648-1 MI0016048 1.01e+03 chr21 8208473 8208652 + — hsa-mir-3648-2 MI0031512 29.2 chr21 8986999 8987178 + — hsa-mir-3649 MI0016049 37 chr12 1660315 1660380 − — hsa-mir-3650 MI0016050 120 chr5 38557502 38557561 − — hsa-mir-3651 MI0016051 209 chr9 92292458 92292547 − — hsa-mir-3652 MI0016052 554 chr12 103930425 103930555 + — hsa-mir-3653 MI0016053 413 chr22 29333158 29333267 − — hsa-mir-3654 MI0016054 45.3 chr7 133034860 133034915 − — hsa-mir-3655 MI0016055 11.7 chr5 140647844 140647926 + — hsa-mir-3656 MI0016056  2.6e+03 chr11 119018944 119019012 + — hsa-mir-3657 MI0016057 36.2 chr12 112037599 112037715 − — hsa-mir-3658 MI0016058 71 chr1 165907921 165907976 + — hsa-mir-3659 MI0016060 64.7 chr1 38089231 38089329 + — hsa-mir-3660 MI0016061 60.8 chr5 90016621 90016720 − — hsa-mir-3661 MI0016062 23 chr5 134225757 134225852 + — hsa-mir-3662 MI0016063 20.8 chr6 134979338 134979432 − — hsa-mir-3663 MI0016064 164 chr10 117167678 117167774 − — hsa-mir-3664 MI0016065 109 chr11 70872270 70872368 − — hsa-mir-3665 MI0016066 3.77e+03 chr13 77698012 77698116 − — hsa-mir-3666 MI0016067 177 chr7 114653345 114653455 + — hsa-mir-3667 MI0016068 143 chr22 49543393 49543466 − — hsa-mir-3668 MI0016069 15.5 chr6 140205252 140205326 + — hsa-mir-3670-1 MI0016071 9.62 chr16 14907717 14907781 + — hsa-mir-3670-2 MI0019112 9.62 chr16 16306370 16306434 + — hsa-mir-3670-3 MI0031513 — chr16 18405698 18405762 − — hsa-mir-3670-4 MI0031514 — chr16 18488301 18488365 − — hsa-mir-3671 MI0016072 — chr1 65057755 65057842 − — hsa-mir-3672 MI0016073 — chrX 121370972 121371053 + — hsa-mir-3674 MI0016075 74.7 chr8 1801125 1801192 + — hsa-mir-3675 MI0016076 0.197 chr1 16858949 16859021 − — hsa-mir-3677 MI0016078 32.3 chr16 2270713 2270772 + — hsa-mir-3678 MI0016079 20.7 chr17 75406069 75406162 + — hsa-mir-3679 MI0016080 64.1 chr2 134127125 134127192 + — hsa-mir-3680-1 MI0016081 45.8 chr16 21506049 21506135 − — hsa-mir-3680-2 MI0019113 56.3 chr16 29599179 29599265 − — hsa-mir-3681 MI0016082 5.55 chr2 12199130 12199201 + — hsa-mir-3682 MI0016083 13.9 chr2 53849122 53849205 − — hsa-mir-3683 MI0016084 51 chr7 7066964 7067045 − — hsa-mir-3684 MI0016085 1.29 chr4 98997387 98997460 + — hsa-mir-3685 MI0016086 15.3 chr12 95309923 95309984 + — hsa-mir-3686 MI0016087 541 chr8 129484057 129484142 − — hsa-mir-3687-1 MI0016088 465 chr21 8208844 8208904 + — hsa-mir-3687-2 MI0031515 281 chr21 8987370 8987430 + — hsa-mir-3688-1 MI0016089 51.9 chr4 159128802 159128894 − — hsa-mir-3688-2 MI0017447 64 chr4 159128805 159128891 + — hsa-mir-3689a MI0016090 37 chr9 134849487 134849564 − — hsa-mir-3689b MI0016411 85.3 chr9 134850125 134850272 − — hsa-mir-3689c MI0016832 44.5 chr9 134849298 134849369 − — hsa-mir-3689d-1 MI0016834 55.1 chr9 134849609 134849682 − — hsa-mir-3689d-2 MI0016835 35.7 chr9 134850277 134850356 − — hsa-mir-3689e MI0016836 54.3 chr9 134850570 134850641 − — hsa-mir-3689f MI0016837 35 chr9 134850742 134850807 − — hsa-mir-3690-1 MI0016091 115 chrX 1293918 1293992 + — hsa-mir-3690-2 MI0023561 51.3 chrY 1293918 1293992 + — hsa-mir-3691 MI0016092 47.4 chr6 5148233 5148322 − — hsa-mir-3692 MI0016093 4.92 chr6 157529132 157529200 + — hsa-mir-3713 MI0016134 67.3 chr15 76586647 76586691 + — hsa-mir-3714 MI0016135 37.7 chr3 16933196 16933260 + — hsa-mir-3907 MI0016410 203 chr7 151433489 151433639 − — hsa-mir-3908 MI0016412 378 chr12 123536409 123536534 + — hsa-mir-3909 MI0016413 387 chr22 35335640 35335758 + — hsa-mir-3910-1 MI0016414 102 chr9 91636251 91636361 + — hsa-mir-3910-2 MI0016431 104 chr9 91636264 91636345 − — hsa-mir-3911 MI0016415 319 chr9 127690687 127690795 − — hsa-mir-3912 MI0016416 20.4 chr5 171386656 171386760 − — hsa-mir-3913-1 MI0016417 140 chr12 69584722 69584823 − — hsa-mir-3913-2 MI0016418 135 chr12 69584723 69584822 + — hsa-mir-3914-1 MI0016419 211 chr7 71307672 71307770 − — hsa-mir-3914-2 MI0016421 112 chr7 71307674 71307768 + — hsa-mir-3915 MI0016420 43.9 chrX 32583656 32583752 − — hsa-mir-3916 MI0016422 733 chr1 247201967 247202060 − — hsa-mir-3917 MI0016423 68.5 chr1 25906362 25906454 − — hsa-mir-3918 MI0016424 21.6 chr6 158764661 158764753 − — hsa-mir-3919 MI0016425 2.55 chr3 159282646 159282734 + — hsa-mir-3920 MI0016427 30.2 chr11 101519820 101519905 − — hsa-mir-3921 MI0016428 21.7 chr3 99964314 99964398 − — hsa-mir-3922 MI0016429 68 chr12 104591633 104591716 + — hsa-mir-3923 MI0016430 52.8 chr3 79507887 79507969 + — hsa-mir-3924 MI0016432 42.4 chr10 57304479 57304559 − — hsa-mir-3925 MI0016433 12.9 chr6 36622436 36622512 − — hsa-mir-3926-1 MI0016434 96.5 chr8 12727232 12727304 − — hsa-mir-3926-2 MI0016437 54.9 chr8 12727237 12727299 + — hsa-mir-3927 MI0016435 134 chr9 109511475 109511545 − — hsa-mir-3928 MI0016438 130 chr22 31160062 31160119 − — hsa-mir-3929 MI0016439 1.12e+03 chr18 35934088 35934142 − — hsa-mir-3934 MI0016590 268 chr6 33698128 33698234 + — hsa-mir-3935 MI0016591 101 chr16 56245520 56245623 + — hsa-mir-3936 MI0016592 8.96 chr5 132365490 132365599 − — hsa-mir-3937 MI0016593 20.6 chrX 39661216 39661321 + — hsa-mir-3938 MI0016594 148 chr3 55852492 55852594 − — hsa-mir-3939 MI0016596 11.4 chr6 166997807 166997912 − — hsa-mir-3940 MI0016597 64.5 chr19 6416410 6416511 − — hsa-mir-3941 MI0016598 28 chr10 122416965 122417067 + — hsa-mir-3942 MI0016599 71 chr15 35372256 35372364 − — hsa-mir-3943 MI0016600 33.3 chr7 43150895 43150994 + — hsa-mir-3944 MI0016601 43.5 chr10 133371556 133371663 − — hsa-mir-3945 MI0016602 42.9 chr4 184851013 184851110 − — hsa-mir-3960 MI0016964 4.68e+03 chr9 127785833 127785923 + — hsa-mir-3972 MI0016990 58 chr1 17277889 17277975 + — hsa-mir-3973 MI0016991 102 chr11 36010098 36010204 + — hsa-mir-3974 MI0016992 17.8 chr12 17673299 17673394 + — hsa-mir-3975 MI0016993 17.7 chr18 35591737 35591806 + — hsa-mir-3976 MI0016994 30.5 chr18 5840695 5840833 + — hsa-mir-3977 MI0016995 — chr5 82840155 82840224 + — hsa-mir-3978 MI0016996 17.5 chrX 110082118 110082218 + — hsa-mir-4251 MI0015861 0.171 chr1 3127975 3128035 + — hsa-mir-4252 MI0015864 275 chr1 6429834 6429896 − — hsa-mir-4253 MI0015860 11 chr1 22863159 22863226 − — hsa-mir-4254 MI0015862 358 chr1 31758660 31758735 − — hsa-mir-4255 MI0015863 169 chr1 37161563 37161634 + — hsa-mir-4256 MI0015855 68.9 chr1 112461770 112461833 − — hsa-mir-4257 MI0015856 34.2 chr1 150551929 150552014 + — hsa-mir-4258 MI0015857 1.23e+03 chr1 154975693 154975783 + — hsa-mir-4259 MI0015858 125 chr1 159899979 159900079 − — hsa-mir-4260 MI0015859 0.171 chr1 209623444 209623510 − — hsa-mir-4261 MI0015868 79.5 chr2 10192614 10192671 − — hsa-mir-4262 MI0015872 42.4 chr2 11836933 11836986 − — hsa-mir-4263 MI0015876 62.3 chr2 27996367 27996449 + — hsa-mir-4264 MI0015877 36.3 chr2 79649294 79649359 − — hsa-mir-4265 MI0015869 38 chr2 109141490 109141588 − — hsa-mir-4266 MI0015870 143 chr2 109313571 109313625 − — hsa-mir-4267 MI0015871 29 chr2 110069961 110070042 − — hsa-mir-4268 MI0015874 9.62 chr2 219906502 219906565 − — hsa-mir-4269 MI0015875 88.5 chr2 239305462 239305545 + — hsa-mir-4270 MI0015878 173 chr3 15496239 15496308 − — hsa-mir-4271 MI0015879 183 chr3 49274120 49274186 + — hsa-mir-4272 MI0015880 42.4 chr3 67225464 67225527 + — hsa-mir-4273 MI0015881 297 chr3 75738280 75738363 + — hsa-mir-4274 MI0015884 57.2 chr4 7460028 7460118 + — hsa-mir-4275 MI0015883 18.2 chr4 28819582 28819668 + — hsa-mir-4276 MI0015882 37 chr4 174423795 174423864 + — hsa-mir-4277 MI0015886 106 chr5 1708785 1708868 − — hsa-mir-4278 MI0015888 97.8 chr5 6827853 6827921 − — hsa-mir-4279 MI0015887 779 chr5 31936102 31936159 − — hsa-mir-4280 MI0015889 46.2 chr5 87114879 87114954 − — hsa-mir-4281 MI0015885 332 chr5 176629439 176629500 − — hsa-mir-4282 MI0015890 21.3 chr6 72967687 72967753 − — hsa-mir-4283-1 MI0015892 79.4 chr7 56955785 56955864 − — hsa-mir-4283-2 MI0015982 79.4 chr7 63621090 63621169 + — hsa-mir-4284 MI0015893 1.49e+03 chr7 73711317 73711397 + — hsa-mir-4285 MI0015891 1.87 chr7 102293103 102293187 + — hsa-mir-4286 MI0015894 1.36e+03 chr8 10666978 10667070 + — hsa-mir-4287 MI0015895 60.7 chr8 27886039 27886116 − — hsa-mir-4288 MI0015896 178 chr8 28505116 28505182 − — hsa-mir-4289 MI0015898 620 chr9 88745836 88745905 − — hsa-mir-4290 MI0015899 53.5 chr9 90023441 90023535 − — hsa-mir-4291 MI0015900 139 chr9 93819357 93819421 + — hsa-mir-4292 MI0015897 53.4 chr9 136830957 136831023 + — hsa-mir-4293 MI0015826 66.5 chr10 14383200 14383277 − — hsa-mir-4294 MI0015827 138 chr10 48985512 48985587 − — hsa-mir-4295 MI0015822 13.5 chr10 112634170 112634254 + — hsa-mir-4296 MI0015823 142 chr10 125032783 125032870 − — hsa-mir-4297 MI0015824 — chr10 129843299 129843374 − — hsa-mir-4298 MI0015830 168 chr11 1859464 1859536 − — hsa-mir-4299 MI0015829 136 chr11 11656651 11656722 − — hsa-mir-4300 MI0015831 98.8 chr11 81890741 81890836 − — hsa-mir-4301 MI0015828 67.8 chr11 113450023 113450088 − — hsa-mir-4302 MI0015833 61.5 chr12 25874020 25874079 − — hsa-mir-4303 MI0015834 42.4 chr12 97995383 97995448 − — hsa-mir-4304 MI0015832 6.16 chr12 123010667 123010728 − — hsa-mir-4305 MI0015835 60.9 chr13 39664034 39664135 − — hsa-mir-4306 MI0015836 311 chr13 99643059 99643149 + — hsa-mir-4307 MI0015838 234 chr14 26908642 26908725 + — hsa-mir-4308 MI0015839 93.4 chr14 54878113 54878193 − — hsa-mir-4309 MI0015837 86.7 chr14 102539644 102539726 + — hsa-mir-4310 MI0015840 0.322 chr15 41866495 41866551 − — hsa-mir-4311 MI0015841 156 chr15 66040233 66040332 + — hsa-mir-4312 MI0015842 62.6 chr15 68801850 68801925 − — hsa-mir-4313 MI0015843 82 chr15 75762215 75762315 − — hsa-mir-4314 MI0015846 46.7 chr17 8088056 8088147 + — hsa-mir-4315-1 MI0015844 — chr17 45475363 45475435 − — hsa-mir-4315-2 MI0015983 0.222 chr17 64822030 64822102 − — hsa-mir-4316 MI0015845 16.4 chr17 77396984 77397054 − — hsa-mir-4317 MI0015850 781 chr18 6374361 6374425 − — hsa-mir-4318 MI0015847 — chr18 37657135 37657215 + — hsa-mir-4319 MI0015848 120 chr18 44970082 44970166 − — hsa-mir-4320 MI0015849 14.3 chr18 50126499 50126563 − — hsa-mir-4321 MI0015852 833 chr19 2250639 2250718 + — hsa-mir-4322 MI0015851 117 chr19 10230413 10230485 + — hsa-mir-4323 MI0015853 81.2 chr19 42133445 42133513 − — hsa-mir-4324 MI0015854  1.7e+03 chr19 49308797 49308868 − — hsa-mir-4325 MI0015865 41.3 chr20 57321502 57321591 − — hsa-mir-4326 MI0015866 46.8 chr20 63286808 63286866 + — hsa-mir-4327 MI0015867 62.2 chr21 30375294 30375378 − — hsa-mir-4328 MI0015904 799 chrX 78901194 78901249 − — hsa-mir-4329 MI0015901 60.7 chrX 112780718 112780788 − — hsa-mir-4330 MI0015902 106 chrX 151168222 151168326 + — hsa-mir-4417 MI0016753 532 chr1 5564071 5564143 + — hsa-mir-4418 MI0016754 42.4 chr1 22266239 22266300 + — hsa-mir-4419a MI0016755  2.8e+03 chr1 23057858 23057934 − — hsa-mir-4419b MI0016861 209 chr12 128244506 128244573 + — hsa-mir-4420 MI0016757 36 chr1 30739156 30739232 − — hsa-mir-4421 MI0016758 104 chr1 51059837 51059905 + — hsa-mir-4422 MI0016759 37.6 chr1 55225641 55225723 + — hsa-mir-4423 MI0016760 245 chr1 85133794 85133873 + — hsa-mir-4424 MI0016763 8.49 chr1 178677749 178677834 + — hsa-mir-4425 MI0016764 327 chr1 25023503 25023586 + — hsa-mir-4426 MI0016765 108 chr1 192716328 192716390 + — hsa-mir-4427 MI0016766 74 chr1 233624152 233624219 + — hsa-mir-4428 MI0016767 55.8 chr1 237471119 237471191 + — hsa-mir-4429 MI0016768 1.19e+03 chr2 11540605 11540677 − — hsa-mir-4430 MI0016769 217 chr2 33418516 33418564 + — hsa-mir-4431 MI0016771 155 chr2 52702522 52702615 − — hsa-mir-4432 MI0016772 78.8 chr2 60387362 60387445 − — hsa-mir-4433a MI0016773 22 chr2 64340759 64340839 + — hsa-mir-4433b MI0025511 8.23 chr2 64340747 64340848 − — hsa-mir-4434 MI0016774  1.9e+03 chr2 64525513 64525565 + — hsa-mir-4435-1 MI0016775 69.5 chr2 87629755 87629834 + — hsa-mir-4435-2 MI0016777 69.5 chr2 111321013 111321086 − — hsa-mir-4436a MI0016776 26 chr2 88812370 88812454 + — hsa-mir-4436b-1 MI0017425 81.3 chr2 110086433 110086523 − — hsa-mir-4436b-2 MI0019110 75.6 chr2 110284853 110284943 + — hsa-mir-4437 MI0016778 38.4 chr2 181305593 181305652 − — hsa-mir-4438 MI0016781 13.9 chr2 213758067 213758159 + — hsa-mir-4439 MI0016782 15.5 chr2 225010461 225010540 − — hsa-mir-4440 MI0016783 35.8 chr2 239068817 239068914 − — hsa-mir-4441 MI0016784 12.6 chr2 239085827 239085926 − — hsa-mir-4442 MI0016785 179 chr3 25664873 25664939 − — hsa-mir-4443 MI0016786 8.43e+03 chr3 48196564 48196616 + — hsa-mir-4444-1 MI0016787 116 chr2 177212726 177212799 + — hsa-mir-4444-2 MI0019111 119 chr3 75214476 75214549 + — hsa-mir-4445 MI0016788 4.01 chr3 109602828 109602897 + — hsa-mir-4446 MI0016789 72.5 chr3 113594876 113594942 + — hsa-mir-4447 MI0016790 80.3 chr3 116850277 116850367 − — hsa-mir-4448 MI0016791 353 chr3 183886800 183886885 + — hsa-mir-4449 MI0016792 7.11e+03 chr4 52712682 52712747 + — hsa-mir-4450 MI0016795 24.3 chr4 76573568 76573632 + — hsa-mir-4451 MI0016797 286 chr4 85722468 85722533 + — hsa-mir-4452 MI0016798 134 chr4 86542482 86542552 − — hsa-mir-4453 MI0016799 140 chr4 152536428 152536516 + — hsa-mir-4454 MI0016800 1.57e+03 chr4 163093574 163093628 − — hsa-mir-4455 MI0016801 132 chr4 184938383 184938440 − — hsa-mir-4456 MI0016802 22.8 chr5 535840 535882 − — hsa-mir-4457 MI0016803 6.59 chr5 1309310 1309377 − — hsa-mir-4458 MI0016804 139 chr5 8460925 8460999 + — hsa-mir-4459 MI0016805 1.48e+03 chr5 54075518 54075583 − — hsa-mir-4460 MI0016806 13.3 chr5 129397062 129397147 − — hsa-mir-4461 MI0016807 82.1 chr5 134928039 134928112 + — hsa-mir-4462 MI0016810 124 chr6 37555365 37555422 − — hsa-mir-4463 MI0016811 15.1 chr6 75428407 75428473 + — hsa-mir-4464 MI0016812 114 chr6 90312742 90312833 + — hsa-mir-4465 MI0016816 — chr6 140683814 140683883 + — hsa-mir-4466 MI0016817 502 chr6 156779678 156779731 − — hsa-mir-4467 MI0016818 235 chr7 102471469 102471531 + — hsa-mir-4468 MI0016819 428 chr7 138123758 138123821 + — hsa-mir-4469 MI0016820 77.4 chr8 42896197 42896275 − — hsa-mir-4470 MI0016821 70.6 chr8 61714788 61714859 + — hsa-mir-4471 MI0016822 2 chr8 100382763 100382845 + — hsa-mir-4472-1 MI0016823 107 chr8 142176339 142176418 + — hsa-mir-4472-2 MI0016824 506 chr12 116428252 116428318 − — hsa-mir-4473 MI0016825 27.1 chr9 20411148 20411238 − — hsa-mir-4474 MI0016826 1.63 chr9 20502265 20502342 − — hsa-mir-4475 MI0016827 18 chr9 36823539 36823599 − — hsa-mir-4476 MI0016828 130 chr9 36893462 36893531 − — hsa-mir-4477a MI0016829 294 chr9 41233755 41233835 + — hsa-mir-4477b MI0016830 38.9 chr9 63819574 63819654 + — hsa-mir-4478 MI0016831 119 chr9 122120082 122120167 − — hsa-mir-4479 MI0016838 129 chr9 136886733 136886803 + — hsa-mir-4480 MI0016841 95.2 chr10 12578753 12578823 + — hsa-mir-4481 MI0016842 47.1 chr10 12653138 12653197 − — hsa-mir-4482 MI0016843 19.3 chr10 104268336 104268405 − — hsa-mir-4483 MI0016844 28.2 chr10 113777993 113778054 − — hsa-mir-4484 MI0016845 972 chr10 125819740 125819822 + — hsa-mir-4485 MI0016846 1.17e+03 chr11 10508270 10508326 − — hsa-mir-4486 MI0016847 24.1 chr11 19575310 19575372 + — hsa-mir-4487 MI0016848 90 chr11 47400970 47401042 + — hsa-mir-4488 MI0016849 1.59e+03 chr11 61508596 61508657 + — hsa-mir-4489 MI0016850 18.2 chr11 65649192 65649253 + — hsa-mir-4490 MI0016852 3.31 chr11 90555774 90555857 − — hsa-mir-4491 MI0016853 28.2 chr11 111347757 111347824 + — hsa-mir-4492 MI0016854 715 chr11 118910708 118910787 + — hsa-mir-4493 MI0016855 47.2 chr11 123381440 123381512 − — hsa-mir-4494 MI0016856 11 chr12 47364186 47364269 − — hsa-mir-4495 MI0016857 90.8 chr12 97939056 97939121 − — hsa-mir-4496 MI0016858 42.5 chr12 108635810 108635870 + — hsa-mir-4497 MI0016859 3.26e+03 chr12 109833348 109833436 + — hsa-mir-4498 MI0016860 15 chr12 120155434 120155499 − — hsa-mir-4499 MI0016862 54.8 chr13 20433778 20433846 − — hsa-mir-4500 MI0016863 183 chr13 87618665 87618740 − — hsa-mir-4501 MI0016864 305 chr13 96427229 96427292 + — hsa-mir-4502 MI0016865 92 chr13 114273828 114273908 + — hsa-mir-4503 MI0016866 — chr14 36952309 36952391 − — hsa-mir-4504 MI0016867 95 chr14 50299855 50299946 − — hsa-mir-4505 MI0016868 25.1 chr14 73758747 73758819 + — hsa-mir-4506 MI0016869 14.2 chr14 93948226 93948302 − — hsa-mir-4507 MI0016871 46.3 chr14 105858124 105858175 − — hsa-mir-4508 MI0016872 1.43e+03 chr15 23562062 23562131 − — hsa-mir-4509-1 MI0016873 — chr15 23197827 23197920 + — hsa-mir-4509-2 MI0016874 0.171 chr15 28426491 28426584 + — hsa-mir-4509-3 MI0016875 0.748 chr15 28490752 28490845 − — hsa-mir-4510 MI0016876 2.19e+03 chr15 35926856 35926923 + — hsa-mir-4511 MI0016877 96.3 chr15 65719246 65719332 − — hsa-mir-4512 MI0016878 531 chr15 66496958 66497034 − — hsa-mir-4513 MI0016879 41.8 chr15 74788672 74788757 − — hsa-mir-4514 MI0016880 0.0977 chr15 80997417 80997473 − — hsa-mir-4515 MI0016881 41.2 chr15 83067335 83067415 + — hsa-mir-4516 MI0016882 3.24e+03 chr16 2133119 2133204 + — hsa-mir-4517 MI0016883 28.1 chr16 28958583 28958661 + — hsa-mir-4518 MI0016884 211 chr16 30503919 30504001 + — hsa-mir-4519 MI0016885 23.9 chr16 30875266 30875323 − — hsa-mir-4520-1 MI0016886 20.7 chr17 6655440 6655509 − — hsa-mir-4520-2 MI0017358 43 chr17 6655449 6655502 + — hsa-mir-4521 MI0016887 441 chr17 8186945 8187004 + — hsa-mir-4522 MI0016889 21.9 chr17 27293910 27293996 − — hsa-mir-4523 MI0016890 87.2 chr17 29390662 29390730 + — hsa-mir-4524a MI0016891 45.1 chr17 69099564 69099632 − ✓ hsa-mir-4524b MI0019114 44.3 chr17 69099542 69099656 + — hsa-mir-4525 MI0016892 60.7 chr17 82668233 82668307 − — hsa-mir-4526 MI0016893 74 chr18 13611114 13611200 + — hsa-mir-4527 MI0016894 47.7 chr18 47380496 47380565 + — hsa-mir-4528 MI0016895 0.856 chr18 53237101 53237190 + — hsa-mir-4529 MI0016896 21.7 chr18 55479221 55479298 + — hsa-mir-4530 MI0016897 116 chr19 39409623 39409678 − — hsa-mir-4531 MI0016898 758 chr19 44653686 44653732 − — hsa-mir-4532 MI0016899 6.16e+03 chr20 57895394 57895444 + — hsa-mir-4533 MI0016900 239 chr20 60478111 60478181 + — hsa-mir-4534 MI0016901 14.7 chr22 37988794 37988853 + — hsa-mir-4535 MI0016903 — chr22 48780295 48780353 + — hsa-mir-4536-1 MI0016906 1.06e+03 chrX 55451495 55451582 − ✓ hsa-mir-4536-2 MI0019149 1.11e+03 chrX 55451495 55451582 + — hsa-mir-4537 MI0016908 129 chr14 105859484 105859553 − — hsa-mir-4538 MI0016909 9.38 chr14 105858165 105858242 − — hsa-mir-4539 MI0016910 8.93 chr14 105857513 105857572 − — hsa-mir-4540 MI0016911 — chr9 36864254 36864308 − — hsa-mir-4632 MI0017259 411 chr1 12191713 12191773 + — hsa-mir-4633 MI0017260 64.8 chr5 129097688 129097766 + — hsa-mir-4634 MI0017261 343 chr5 174751734 174751787 + — hsa-mir-4635 MI0017262 59.8 chr5 1062896 1062974 − — hsa-mir-4636 MI0017263 38.8 chr5 9053816 9053895 − — hsa-mir-4637 MI0017264 3.6 chr5 14825929 14826012 − — hsa-mir-4638 MI0017265 18.8 chr5 181222566 181222633 − — hsa-mir-4639 MI0017266 12.4 chr6 16141556 16141624 + — hsa-mir-4640 MI0017267 59.8 chr6 30890883 30890972 + — hsa-mir-4641 MI0017268 57.2 chr6 41598723 41598788 + — hsa-mir-4642 MI0017269 15.8 chr6 44435641 44435722 + — hsa-mir-4643 MI0017270 0.222 chr6 91521660 91521737 + — hsa-mir-4644 MI0017271 85.4 chr6 170330761 170330844 + — hsa-mir-4645 MI0017272 58.7 chr6 2854031 2854107 − — hsa-mir-4646 MI0017273 54.1 chr6 31701029 31701091 − — hsa-mir-4647 MI0017274 60.1 chr6 44254206 44254285 − — hsa-mir-4648 MI0017275 6.75 chr7 2527074 2527145 + — hsa-mir-4649 MI0017276 23.8 chr7 44110849 44110912 + — hsa-mir-4650-1 MI0017277 245 chr7 67114322 67114397 − — hsa-mir-4650-2 MI0017278 221 chr7 72697903 72697978 + — hsa-mir-4651 MI0017279 46.3 chr7 75915197 75915269 + — hsa-mir-4652 MI0017280 4.92 chr7 93716928 93717005 + — hsa-mir-4653 MI0017281 23.3 chr7 101159473 101159555 + — hsa-mir-4654 MI0017282 44.1 chr1 162157107 162157182 + — hsa-mir-4655 MI0017283 291 chr7 1844180 1844253 − — hsa-mir-4656 MI0017284 112 chr7 4788565 4788639 − — hsa-mir-4657 MI0017285 21.8 chr7 44881748 44881800 − — hsa-mir-4658 MI0017286 31.5 chr7 100156605 100156669 − — hsa-mir-4659a MI0017287 38.3 chr8 6745164 6745244 + — hsa-mir-4659b MI0017291 21.7 chr8 6745168 6745240 − — hsa-mir-4660 MI0017288 103 chr8 9048445 9048518 + — hsa-mir-4661 MI0017289 111 chr8 91205485 91205559 + — hsa-mir-4662a MI0017290 57.8 chr8 124821985 124822051 + — hsa-mir-4662b MI0017293 78.7 chr8 124821978 124822058 − — hsa-mir-4663 MI0017292 116 chr8 123215788 123215863 − — hsa-mir-4664 MI0017294 105 chr8 143733083 143733153 − — hsa-mir-4665 MI0017295 30.1 chr9 6007826 6007904 + — hsa-mir-4666a MI0017296 43.7 chr1 228462074 228462152 + — hsa-mir-4666b MI0019299 67 chrX 29574278 29574358 + — hsa-mir-4667 MI0017297 87.4 chr9 35608094 35608159 + — hsa-mir-4668 MI0017298 114 chr9 111932100 111932169 + — hsa-mir-4669 MI0017300 437 chr9 134379411 134379472 + — hsa-mir-4670 MI0017301 17.2 chr9 92527984 92528058 − — hsa-mir-4671 MI0017302 — chr1 234306467 234306539 + — hsa-mir-4672 MI0017303 6.6 chr9 127869415 127869495 − — hsa-mir-4673 MI0017304 65.7 chr9 136519568 136519626 − — hsa-mir-4674 MI0017305 40.3 chr9 136546173 136546259 − — hsa-mir-4675 MI0017306 93.3 chr10 20551970 20552046 + — hsa-mir-4676 MI0017307 14.2 chr10 72721029 72721100 + — hsa-mir-4677 MI0017308 25.8 chr1 243346176 243346255 + — hsa-mir-4678 MI0017309 19.9 chr10 87503881 87503954 + — hsa-mir-4679-1 MI0017310 33.7 chr10 89063336 89063410 + — hsa-mir-4679-2 MI0017311 11.7 chr10 89063335 89063411 − — hsa-mir-4680 MI0017312 10.9 chr10 110898090 110898155 + — hsa-mir-4681 MI0017313 6.02 chr10 119377972 119378043 + — hsa-mir-4682 MI0017314 63.1 chr10 119958513 119958592 + — hsa-mir-4683 MI0017315 155 chr10 35641172 35641252 − — hsa-mir-4684 MI0017316 16.8 chr1 22719517 22719598 + — hsa-mir-4685 MI0017317 71.6 chr10 98431292 98431360 − — hsa-mir-4686 MI0017318 37.2 chr11 2173063 2173138 + — hsa-mir-4687 MI0017319 147 chr11 3856062 3856141 + — hsa-mir-4688 MI0017321 25.9 chr11 46376402 46376484 + — hsa-mir-4689 MI0017322 202 chr1 5862672 5862741 − — hsa-mir-4690 MI0017323 21.8 chr11 65636310 65636369 + — hsa-mir-4691 MI0017324 20.2 chr11 68033897 68033981 + — hsa-mir-4692 MI0017325 2.23 chr11 72783530 72783592 + — hsa-mir-4693 MI0017326 127 chr11 103849906 103849980 + — hsa-mir-4694 MI0017327 9.15 chr11 19760004 19760083 − — hsa-mir-4695 MI0017328 119 chr1 18883202 18883275 − — hsa-mir-4696 MI0017329 129 chr11 74720268 74720337 − — hsa-mir-4697 MI0017330 3.01 chr11 133898504 133898581 − — hsa-mir-4698 MI0017331 125 chr12 47187812 47187891 + — hsa-mir-4699 MI0017332 18.8 chr12 81158388 81158461 + — hsa-mir-4700 MI0017333 24.3 chr12 120723193 120723266 + — hsa-mir-4701 MI0017334 8.02 chr12 48771975 48772037 − — hsa-mir-4703 MI0017336 287 chr13 51552589 51552667 + — hsa-mir-4704 MI0017337 79.8 chr13 66218250 66218324 + — hsa-mir-4705 MI0017338 506 chr13 102045934 102046004 − — hsa-mir-4706 MI0017339 225 chr14 65044688 65044769 + — hsa-mir-4707 MI0017340 840 chr14 22956950 22957029 − ✓ hsa-mir-4708 MI0017341 112 chr14 65335117 65335183 − — hsa-mir-4709 MI0017342 159 chr14 74480133 74480204 − — hsa-mir-4710 MI0017344 130 chr14 104677694 104677749 − — hsa-mir-4711 MI0017345 9.4 chr1 59733227 59733296 − — hsa-mir-4712 MI0017346 26.5 chr15 50360329 50360410 + — hsa-mir-4713 MI0017347 38.7 chr15 51242190 51242264 + — hsa-mir-4714 MI0017348 36.1 chr15 98784426 98784502 + — hsa-mir-4715 MI0017349 69.1 chr15 25848747 25848825 − — hsa-mir-4716 MI0017350 170 chr15 49169070 49169153 − — hsa-mir-4717 MI0017352 3.77 chr16 2274620 2274691 + — hsa-mir-4718 MI0017353 — chr16 12720321 12720371 + — hsa-mir-4719 MI00 17354 20.8 chr16 76868936 76869019 + — hsa-mir-4720 MI0017355 — chr16 81385018 81385093 + — hsa-mir-4721 MI0017356 27 chr16 28843919 28844007 − — hsa-mir-4722 MI0017357 92.1 chr16 88716278 88716337 − — hsa-mir-4723 MI0017359 34.1 chr17 28360654 28360734 + — hsa-mir-4724 MI0017361 242 chr17 31534883 31534971 + — hsa-mir-4725 MI0017362 148 chr17 31575269 31575358 + — hsa-mir-4726 MI0017363 99.7 chr17 38719691 38719748 + — hsa-mir-4727 MI0017364 20.4 chr17 38825838 38825892 + — hsa-mir-4728 MI0017365 69.7 chr17 39726495 39726561 + — hsa-mir-4729 MI0017366 40 chr17 59366083 59366154 + — hsa-mir-4730 MI0017367   4e+03 chr17 80419418 80419493 + — hsa-mir-4731 MI0017368 46.1 chr17 15251627 15251696 − — hsa-mir-4732 MI0017369 61.5 chr17 28861655 28861730 − — hsa-mir-4733 MI0017370 23.7 chr17 31094350 31094425 − — hsa-mir-4734 MI0017371 83.9 chr17 38702262 38702331 − — hsa-mir-4735 MI0017372 28.5 chr1 196582413 196582481 − — hsa-mir-4736 MI0017373 4.22 chr17 58335976 58336022 − — hsa-mir-4737 MI0017374 74 chr17 60043025 60043105 − — hsa-mir-4738 MI0017376 137 chr17 75784521 75784607 − — hsa-mir-4739 MI0017377 370 chr17 79707176 79707249 − — hsa-mir-4740 MI0017378 0.222 chr17 81400716 81400778 − — hsa-mir-4741 MI0017379 150 chr18 22933349 22933438 + — hsa-mir-4742 MI0017380 27 chr1 224398227 224398311 − — hsa-mir-4743 MI0017381 20.3 chr18 48670600 48670668 + — hsa-mir-4744 MI0017382 38.7 chr18 49049687 49049768 − — hsa-mir-4745 MI0017384 31.3 chr19 804940 805001 + — hsa-mir-4746 MI0017385 18.9 chr19 4445978 4446048 + — hsa-mir-4747 MI0017386 17.3 chr19 4932687 4932740 + — hsa-mir-4748 MI0017387 46.8 chr19 10780254 10780335 + — hsa-mir-4749 MI0017388 471 chr19 49854591 49854651 + — hsa-mir-4750 MI0017389 101 chr19 49888175 49888230 + — hsa-mir-4751 MI0017390 57 chr19 49933064 49933137 + — hsa-mir-4752 MI0017391 9.85 chr19 54282109 54282180 + — hsa-mir-4753 MI0017392 37.2 chr1 235190034 235190116 − — hsa-mir-4754 MI0017394 62.1 chr19 58386770 58386858 − — hsa-mir-4755 MI0017395 129 chr20 34049119 34049190 + ✓ hsa-mir-4756 MI0017397 550 chr20 54068408 54068485 − — hsa-mir-4757 MI0017398 12.1 chr2 19348429 19348505 + — hsa-mir-4758 MI0017399 34.5 chr20 62332487 62332557 − — hsa-mir-4759 MI0017400 69.1 chr21 26953961 26954043 + — hsa-mir-4760 MI0017401 13.2 chr21 40212352 40212431 − — hsa-mir-4761 MI0017402 66.1 chr22 19963753 19963834 + — hsa-mir-4762 MI0017403 11.4 chr22 45760524 45760598 + — hsa-mir-4763 MI0017404 415 chr22 46113566 46113657 + — hsa-mir-4764 MI0017405 41.1 chr22 33436582 33436669 − — hsa-mir-4765 MI0017406 27 chr2 32635255 32635331 + — hsa-mir-4766 MI0017407 71.2 chr22 40813883 40813958 − — hsa-mir-4767 MI0017408 328 chrX 7147860 7147937 + — hsa-mir-4768 MI0017409 148 chrX 17425881 17425954 + — hsa-mir-4769 MI0017410 85.5 chrX 47587429 47587505 + — hsa-mir-4770 MI0017411 29.9 chrX 6383906 6383963 − — hsa-mir-4771-1 MI0017412 19.4 chr2 87194786 87194859 + — hsa-mir-4771-2 MI0017413 28.1 chr2 111771061 111771134 − — hsa-mir-4772 MI0017414 96.8 chr2 102432289 102432366 + — hsa-mir-4773-1 MI0017415 42.7 chr2 151368334 151368411 + — hsa-mir-4773-2 MI0017416 161 chr2 151368334 151368411 − — hsa-mir-4774 MI0017417 5.46 chr2 168582943 168583018 + — hsa-mir-4775 MI0017418 153 chr2 207754807 207754881 + — hsa-mir-4776-1 MI0017419 122 chr2 212926257 212926336 + — hsa-mir-4776-2 MI0017420 76.7 chr2 212926257 212926336 − — hsa-mir-4777 MI0017421 24.8 chr2 231362708 231362793 + — hsa-mir-4778 MI0017422 118 chr2 66358249 66358328 − — hsa-mir-4779 MI0017423 3.5 chr2 86193026 86193108 − — hsa-mir-4780 MI0017424 56.7 chr2 88082519 88082599 − — hsa-mir-4781 MI0017426 27.1 chr1 54054079 54054154 + — hsa-mir-4782 MI0017427 30.7 chr2 113721290 113721368 − — hsa-mir-4783 MI0017428 102 chr2 127423537 127423618 − — hsa-mir-4784 MI0017429 11.4 chr2 131491160 131491236 − — hsa-mir-4785 MI0017430 55.3 chr2 160407810 160407882 − — hsa-mir-4786 MI0017433 34.7 chr2 239943015 239943094 − — hsa-mir-4787 MI0017434 577 chr3 50675080 50675163 + ✓ hsa-mir-4788 MI0017435 47.7 chr3 134437827 134437906 + — hsa-mir-4789 MI0017436 37.5 chr3 175369540 175369621 + — hsa-mir-4790 MI0017437 121 chr3 5250177 5250255 − — hsa-mir-4791 MI0017438 161 chr3 19314848 19314931 − — hsa-mir-4792 MI0017439 1.95e+03 chr3 24521362 24521435 − — hsa-mir-4793 MI0017440 52 chr3 48644194 48644280 − — hsa-mir-4794 MI0017441 0.149 chr1 64579847 64579923 + — hsa-mir-4795 MI0017442 30.1 chr3 87226189 87226277 − — hsa-mir-4796 MI0017443 13.5 chr3 114743445 114743525 − — hsa-mir-4797 MI0017444 19 chr3 197293878 197293948 − — hsa-mir-4798 MI0017445 1.82 chr4 7310450 7310524 + — hsa-mir-4799 MI0017446 10.1 chr4 147782595 147782668 + — hsa-mir-4800 MI0017448 280 chr4 2250077 2250156 − — hsa-mir-4801 MI0017449 85.4 chr4 37241910 37241991 − — hsa-mir-4802 MI0017450 21.8 chr4 40502040 40502119 − — hsa-mir-4803 MI0017451 7.43 chr5 72169467 72169540 + — hsa-mir-4804 MI0017452 43.7 chr5 72878591 72878663 + — hsa-mir-4999 MI0017865 21 chr19 8389290 8389380 − — hsa-mir-5000 MI0017866 3.97e+03 chr2 75090812 75090914 + — hsa-mir-5001 MI0017867 53.3 chr2 232550474 232550573 − ✓ hsa-mir-5002 MI0017868 271 chr3 124132929 124133025 + — hsa-mir-5003 MI0017869 148 chr5 172662165 172662263 + — hsa-mir-5004 MI0017870 48.8 chr6 33438331 33438437 + — hsa-mir-5006 MI0017873 47.8 chr13 41568286 41568395 − — hsa-mir-5007 MI0017874 78.9 chr13 55174454 55174548 + — hsa-mir-5008 MI0017876 52.4 chr1 227941590 227941683 − — hsa-mir-5009 MI0017877 48.3 chr15 89883931 89884030 − — hsa-mir-5010 MI0017878 126 chr17 42514188 42514307 + ✓ hsa-mir-5011 MI0017879 — chr18 67081584 67081686 + — hsa-mir-5047 MI0017932 12.4 chr17 64501214 64501313 − — hsa-mir-5087 MI0017976 155 chr1 148334479 148334554 − — hsa-mir-5088 MI0017977 310 chr19 49682117 49682195 + — hsa-mir-5089 MI0017978 11.2 chr17 46973017 46973100 + — hsa-mir-5090 MI0017979 71.6 chr7 102465742 102465826 + — hsa-mir-5091 MI0017980 93.6 chr4 13627865 13627957 + — hsa-mir-5092 MI0017981 44.5 chr3 125151465 125151552 − — hsa-mir-5093 MI0017982 32.9 chr16 85306226 85306325 − — hsa-mir-5094 MI0017983 135 chr15 89850637 89850721 − — hsa-mir-5095 MI0018001 824 chr1 52934930 52935017 + — hsa-mir-5096 MI0018004 778 chr4 78820752 78820821 + — hsa-mir-5100 MI0019116 747 chr10 42997563 42997681 + — hsa-mir-5186 MI0018165 110 chr3 151565876 151565995 − — hsa-mir-5187 MI0018166 133 chr1 161227186 161227261 + — hsa-mir-5188 MI0018167 18.9 chr12 124915547 124915659 + — hsa-mir-5189 MI0018168 137 chr16 88468918 88469031 + — hsa-mir-5190 MI0018169 123 chr18 13459947 13460026 + — hsa-mir-5191 MI0018170 110 chr1 201719508 201719627 + — hsa-mir-5192 MI0018171 163 chr2 62205826 62205917 + — hsa-mir-5193 MI0018172 120 chr3 49806137 49806245 − — hsa-mir-5194 MI0018173 39.5 chr8 130008334 130008453 − — hsa-mir-5195 MI0018174 47 chr14 106850885 106850999 − — hsa-mir-5196 MI0018175 69.1 chr19 35345513 35345627 + ✓ hsa-mir-5197 MI0018176 38.8 chr5 143679860 143679971 + — hsa-mir-5571 MI0019115 280 chr22 22886267 22886379 + — hsa-mir-5572 MI0019117 224 chr15 80581103 80581239 + — hsa-mir-5579 MI0019133 47.8 chr11 79422169 79422226 − — hsa-mir-5580 MI0019135 9.62 chr14 53948427 53948484 − — hsa-mir-5581 MI0019136 32.6 chr1 37500935 37500994 − — hsa-mir-5582 MI0019138 24.8 chr11 46753125 46753192 − — hsa-mir-5583-1 MI0019139 — chr18 39676721 39676779 + — hsa-mir-5583-2 MI0019140 0.748 chr18 39676719 39676777 − — hsa-mir-5584 MI0019141 46.3 chr1 44545493 44545552 + — hsa-mir-5585 MI0019142 578 chr1 32086949 32087007 + — hsa-mir-5586 MI0019143 42.7 chr14 59646962 59647020 − — hsa-mir-5587 MI0019144 81 chr16 535316 535368 + — hsa-mir-5588 MI0019147 107 chr3 185253210 185253272 − — hsa-mir-5589 MI0019148 — chr19 10038354 10038413 + — hsa-mir-5590 MI0019150 — chr2 134857820 134857873 + — hsa-mir-5591 MI0019151 42.4 chr4 39411910 39411974 + — hsa-mir-5680 MI0019280 42 chr8 102125432 102125515 + — hsa-mir-5681a MI0019281 37 chr8 74548543 74548617 + — hsa-mir-5681b MI0019293 120 chr8 74548550 74548609 − — hsa-mir-5682 MI0019282 13.5 chr3 121049640 121049715 + — hsa-mir-5683 MI0019284 9.56 chr6 6169334 6169409 + — hsa-mir-5684 MI0019285 847 chr19 12787128 12787192 + — hsa-mir-5685 MI0019287 17.3 chr6 53276993 53277071 + — hsa-mir-5687 MI0019291 2.14 chr5 55508850 55508926 − — hsa-mir-5688 MI0019292 0.929 chr3 85385710 85385792 + — hsa-mir-5689 MI0019294 113 chr6 10439717 10439794 + — hsa-mir-5690 MI0019295 16.5 chr6 35664717 35664789 − — hsa-mir-5691 MI0019296 — chr11 9090312 9090379 − — hsa-mir-5692a-1 MI0019297 22.4 chr7 97963658 97963726 + — hsa-mir-5692a-2 MI0019298 11.6 chr8 12719132 12719190 + — hsa-mir-5692b MI0019311 18.7 chr21 42950928 42951014 − — hsa-mir-5692c-1 MI0019288 22.2 chr5 135802985 135803075 − — hsa-mir-5692c-2 MI0019289 55.1 chr7 97964405 97964481 − — hsa-mir-5693 MI0019300 60.6 chr13 51348567 51348639 − — hsa-mir-5694 MI0019301 55 chr14 67441855 67441930 − — hsa-mir-5695 MI0019302 28.5 chr19 12920320 12920404 + — hsa-mir-5696 MI0019303 11.6 chr2 101309450 101309534 + — hsa-mir-5697 MI0019304 7.84 chr1 9967381 9967458 + — hsa-mir-5698 MI0019305 28 chr1 154104521 154104592 − — hsa-mir-5699 MI0019306 288 chr10 641689 641778 − — hsa-mir-5700 MI0019307 27.3 chr12 94561789 94561859 + — hsa-mir-5701-1 MI0019308 824 chr15 20940252 20940333 + — hsa-mir-5701-2 MI0019593 861 chr15 21513959 21514040 + — hsa-mir-5701-3 MI0031522 1.81 chr15 21951242 21951323 + — hsa-mir-5702 MI0019309 — chr2 226658710 226658793 − — hsa-mir-5703 MI0019310 184 chr2 227472132 227472187 + — hsa-mir-5704 MI0019312 17.3 chr3 131985855 131985931 − — hsa-mir-5705 MI0019313 86.4 chr4 87300495 87300583 − — hsa-mir-5706 MI0019314 15.2 chr5 119154637 119154716 + — hsa-mir-5707 MI0019315 17.3 chr7 158591616 158591696 + — hsa-mir-5708 MI0019316 290 chr8 80241389 80241473 + — hsa-mir-5739 MI0019412 112 chr22 28459869 28459948 + — hsa-mir-5787 MI0019797 171 chr3 50227436 50227490 + — hsa-mir-6068 MI0020345 — chr1 63326925 63326984 − — hsa-mir-6069 MI0020346 84.9 chr22 35336721 35336799 − — hsa-mir-6070 MI0020347 107 chr21 43609887 43609989 − — hsa-mir-6071 MI0020348 33.2 chr2 85783600 85783677 − — hsa-mir-6072 MI0020349 361 chr10 2076019 2076089 − — hsa-mir-6073 MI0020350 167 chr11 15969533 15969621 − — hsa-mir-6074 MI0020351 79.2 chr12 66023620 66023726 − — hsa-mir-6075 MI0020352 75.2 chr5 1510762 1510856 − — hsa-mir-6076 MI0020353 171 chr14 49966399 49966511 + — hsa-mir-6077 MI0020354 58.6 chr1 148388282 148388363 + — hsa-mir-6078 MI0020355 74.7 chr10 3991160 3991259 + — hsa-mir-6079 MI0020356 — chr1 43838622 43838683 + — hsa-mir-6080 MI0020357 40.6 chr17 64780759 64780824 + — hsa-mir-6081 MI0020358 21 chr9 95065350 95065446 + — hsa-mir-6082 MI0020359 21.3 chr4 171186184 171186292 + — hsa-mir-6083 MI0020360 61.7 chr3 124374332 124374437 + — hsa-mir-6084 MI0020361 671 chr1 20633679 20633788 + — hsa-mir-6085 MI0020362 103 chr15 62343029 62343138 + — hsa-mir-6086 MI0020363 64.5 chrX 13590292 13590346 + — hsa-mir-6087 MI0020364 3.66e+03 chrX 109054542 109054590 + — hsa-mir-6088 MI0020365 393 chr19 45436654 45436704 + — hsa-mir-6089-1 MI0020366 350 chrX 2609191 2609254 + — hsa-mir-6089-2 MI0023563 350 chrY 2609191 2609254 + — hsa-mir-6090 MI0020367 172 chr11 128522390 128522449 + — hsa-mir-6124 MI0021258 211 chr11 12163683 12163767 + — hsa-mir-6125 MI0021259 427 chr12 62260359 62260454 + — hsa-mir-6126 MI0021260 1.23e+03 chr16 3485381 3485469 − — hsa-mir-6127 MI0021271 450 chr1 22633258 22633366 − — hsa-mir-6128 MI0021272 113 chr11 56743873 56743981 + — hsa-mir-6129 MI0021274 265 chr17 49288346 49288454 − — hsa-mir-6130 MI0021275 2.83e+03 chr21 23079284 23079392 + — hsa-mir-6131 MI0021276 213 chr5 10478037 10478145 + — hsa-mir-6132 MI0021277 74.9 chr7 117020211 117020319 + — hsa-mir-6133 MI0021278 330 chr7 133290881 133290988 + — hsa-mir-6134 MI0021279 107 chrX 28495555 28495663 − — hsa-mir-6165 MI0021472 136 chr17 49510817 49510900 + — hsa-mir-6499 MI0022209 290 chr5 151522087 151522148 − — hsa-mir-6500 MI0022211 59.9 chr1 51060018 51060103 + — hsa-mir-6501 MI0022213 40.8 chr21 33550662 33550728 + — hsa-mir-6502 MI0022214 23.7 chr12 66251082 66251157 + — hsa-mir-6503 MI0022215 91.8 chr11 60209071 60209156 − ✓ hsa-mir-6504 MI0022216 68.9 chr16 81611348 81611408 + — hsa-mir-6505 MI0022217 66.6 chr12 48132797 48132867 + — hsa-mir-6506 MI0022218 6.84 chr16 15611030 15611095 − — hsa-mir-6507 MI0022219 80.1 chr10 98924499 98924568 − — hsa-mir-6508 MI0022220 7.65 chr21 39447010 39447069 + — hsa-mir-6509 MI0022221 8.35 chr7 135206994 135207078 − — hsa-mir-6510 MI0022222 232 chr17 41517164 41517217 − — hsa-mir-6511a-1 MI0022223 114 chr16 14925937 14926003 + ✓ hsa-mir-6511a-2 MI0023564 106 chr16 16324588 16324654 + ✓ hsa-mir-6511a-3 MI0023565 116 chr16 16368876 16368942 + — hsa-mir-6511a-4 MI0023566 105 chr16 18344013 18344079 − ✓ hsa-mir-6511b-1 MI0022552 113 chr16 2106669 2106753 − — hsa-mir-6511b-2 MI0023431 — chr16 15134075 15134145 − — hsa-mir-6512 MI0022224 196 chr2 177313806 177313882 − — hsa-mir-6513 MI0022225 29.1 chr2 218280125 218280188 − — hsa-mir-6514 MI0022226 19.8 chr11 62792702 62792771 − — hsa-mir-6515 MI0022227 69.7 chr19 12940484 12940540 + — hsa-mir-6516 MI0025513 1.87 chr17 77089417 77089497 + — hsa-mir-6715a MI0022548 25.6 chr10 112299612 112299690 + — hsa-mir-6715b MI0022549 24 chr10 112299612 112299688 − — hsa-mir-6716 MI0022550 45.7 chr11 118644000 118644079 + — hsa-mir-6717 MI0022551 28.3 chr14 21023314 21023386 − — hsa-mir-6718 MI0022553 65 chr18 3885353 3885432 + — hsa-mir-6719 MI0022554 29.4 chr19 39829716 39829802 − — hsa-mir-6720 MI0022555 77.1 chr6 1390314 1390411 − — hsa-mir-6721 MI0022556 48.7 chr6 32170030 32170116 − — hsa-mir-6722 MI0022557 102 chr9 136746893 136746970 − — hsa-mir-6723 MI0022558 90.3 chr1 632325 632413 − — hsa-mir-6724-1 MI0022559 144 chr21 8205315 8205406 + — hsa-mir-6724-2 MI0031516 18.2 chr21 8249505 8249596 + — hsa-mir-6724-3 MI0031517 19.6 chr21 8388362 8388453 + — hsa-mir-6724-4 MI0031518 21.3 chr21 8432530 8432621 + — hsa-mir-6726 MI0022571 0.59 chr1 1296110 1296170 − — hsa-mir-6727 MI0022572 0.171 chr1 1312502 1312566 − — hsa-mir-6728 MI0022573 0.308 chr1 8866502 8866590 − — hsa-mir-6729 MI0022574 0.171 chr1 12029158 12029222 + — hsa-mir-6730 MI0022575 — chr1 12578957 12579023 − — hsa-mir-6731 MI0022576 0.2 chr1 24919345 24919416 − — hsa-mir-6732 MI0022577 0.2 chr1 37480230 37480289 + — hsa-mir-6733 MI0022578 0.365 chr1 43171652 43171712 − — hsa-mir-6734 MI0022579 2.2 chr1 43364648 43364715 − — hsa-mir-6735 MI0022580 0.602 chr1 43448539 43448611 + — hsa-mir-6736 MI0022581 1.06 chr1 145850587 145850645 − — hsa-mir-6737 MI0022582 — chr1 153962351 153962420 − — hsa-mir-6738 MI0022583 — chr1 155951273 155951336 − — hsa-mir-6739 MI0022584 0.238 chr1 201863373 201863447 + — hsa-mir-6740 MI0022585 0.511 chr1 202003124 202003236 + — hsa-mir-6741 MI0022586 0.16 chr1 225922080 225922142 − — hsa-mir-6742 MI0022587 0.171 chr1 228397048 228397109 − — hsa-mir-6743 MI0022588 0.666 chr11 209336 209406 + — hsa-mir-6744 MI0022589 0.666 chr11 1256605 1256670 + — hsa-mir-6745 MI0022590 0.16 chr11 47179611 47179737 − — hsa-mir-6746 MI0022591 — chr11 61878216 61878278 − — hsa-mir-6747 MI0022592 0.171 chr11 62567011 62567071 − — hsa-mir-6748 MI0022593 1.39 chr11 62789815 62789885 + — hsa-mir-6749 MI0022594 0.485 chr11 64902387 64902455 − — hsa-mir-6750 MI0022595 0.272 chr11 64898363 64898437 − — hsa-mir-6751 MI0022596 — chr11 65129916 65129978 − — hsa-mir-6752 MI0022597 0.645 chr11 67490245 67490315 + — hsa-mir-6753 MI0022598 0.893 chr11 68044794 68044957 + — hsa-mir-6754 MI0022599 0.748 chr11 71473503 71473568 + — hsa-mir-6755 MI0022600 0.993 chr11 86278333 86278398 + — hsa-mir-6756 MI0022601 1.37 chr11 119312950 119313012 − — hsa-mir-6757 MI0022602 — chr12 53056944 53057012 + — hsa-mir-6758 MI0022603 — chr12 57512688 57512750 + — hsa-mir-6759 MI0022604 0.271 chr12 57748618 57748682 − — hsa-mir-6760 MI0022605 0.444 chr12 111304142 111304209 + — hsa-mir-6761 MI0022606 6.72 chr12 111799834 111799905 + — hsa-mir-6762 MI0022607 0.308 chr12 113291523 113291608 + — hsa-mir-6763 MI0022608 0.2 chr12 132581997 132582061 + — hsa-mir-6764 MI0022609 0.284 chr14 100277357 100277417 + — hsa-mir-6765 MI0022610 — chr14 105150778 105150864 − — hsa-mir-6766 MI0022611 0.38 chr15 89326739 89326810 − — hsa-mir-6767 MI0022612 0.513 chr16 2445392 2445457 + — hsa-mir-6768 MI0022613 — chr16 2463967 2464038 + — hsa-mir-6769a MI0022614 0.282 chr16 4671318 4671390 + — hsa-mir-6769b MI0022706 — chr1 206474803 206474864 + — hsa-mir-6770-1 MI0022615 0.171 chr16 14930820 14930879 + — hsa-mir-6770-2 MI0026418 — chr16 16329305 16329364 + — hsa-mir-6770-3 MI0026419 0.63 chr16 18379351 18379410 − — hsa-mir-6771 MI0022616 0.272 chr16 50292616 50292675 + — hsa-mir-6772 MI0022617 0.401 chr16 57772289 57772352 − — hsa-mir-6773 MI0022618 — chr16 68233426 68233499 − — hsa-mir-6774 MI0022619 — chr16 85918347 85918416 + — hsa-mir-6775 MI0022620 0.171 chr16 87834592 87834660 − — hsa-mir-6776 MI0022621 — chr17 2692861 2692919 − — hsa-mir-6777 MI0022622 1.58 chr17 17813480 17813545 − — hsa-mir-6778 MI0022623 0.2 chr17 18340814 18340886 − — hsa-mir-6779 MI0022624 0.748 chr17 38914979 38915042 + — hsa-mir-6780a MI0022625 0.269 chr17 42708084 42708151 − — hsa-mir-6780b MI0022681 0.171 chr6 43434542 43434620 + — hsa-mir-6781 MI0022626 — chr17 42823880 42823943 − — hsa-mir-6782 MI0022627 — chr17 44207771 44207839 − — hsa-mir-6783 MI0022628 0.0977 chr17 44934618 44934681 − — hsa-mir-6784 MI0022629 0.282 chr17 45114367 45114433 − — hsa-mir-6785 MI0022630 0.451 chr17 75498548 75498628 + — hsa-mir-6786 MI0022631 1.6 chr17 81693757 81693869 + — hsa-mir-6787 MI0022632 — chr17 82236668 82236728 + — hsa-mir-6788 MI0022633 0.222 chr18 10759584 10759649 − — hsa-mir-6789 MI0022634 0.171 chr19 2235829 2235926 − — hsa-mir-6790 MI0022635 0.545 chr19 6392921 6392983 − — hsa-mir-6791 MI0022636 0.748 chr19 6736712 6736778 − — hsa-mir-6792 MI0022637 0.459 chr19 7617439 7617505 + — hsa-mir-6793 MI0022638 0.5 chr19 10828973 10829035 + — hsa-mir-6794 MI0022639 2.19 chr19 12852260 12852327 + — hsa-mir-6795 MI0022640 — chr19 15179283 15179350 − — hsa-mir-6796 MI0022641 0.171 chr19 40369846 40369907 + — hsa-mir-6797 MI0022642 0.211 chr19 41869627 41869698 + — hsa-mir-6798 MI0022643 0.797 chr19 49009906 49009972 + — hsa-mir-6799 MI0022644 — chr19 49791866 49791934 + — hsa-mir-6800 MI0022645 0.459 chr19 49832018 49832099 + — hsa-mir-6801 MI0022646 0.308 chr19 52222020 52222098 + — hsa-mir-6802 MI0022647 0.2 chr19 55239912 55239976 − — hsa-mir-6803 MI0022648 0.2 chr19 55245186 55245250 − — hsa-mir-6804 MI0022649 0.171 chr19 55230885 55230952 − — hsa-mir-6805 MI0022650 0.171 chr19 55388181 55388242 + — hsa-mir-6806 MI0022651 — chr19 58334688 58334751 + — hsa-mir-6807 MI0022652 0.53 chr19 58550285 58550376 + — hsa-mir-6808 MI0022653 0.222 chr1 1339650 1339708 − — hsa-mir-6809 MI0022654 1.43 chr2 217900513 217900628 − — hsa-mir-6810 MI0022655 0.896 chr2 218341911 218341980 + — hsa-mir-6811 MI0022656 0.195 chr2 237510931 237510988 + — hsa-mir-6812 MI0022657 — chr20 45425510 45425573 + — hsa-mir-6813 MI0022658 — chr20 64076955 64077010 − — hsa-mir-6814 MI0022659 — chr21 41746772 41746841 − — hsa-mir-6815 MI0022660 0.638 chr21 45478266 45478326 + — hsa-mir-6816 MI0022661 0.378 chr22 20114686 20114751 − — hsa-mir-6817 MI0022662 0.222 chr22 25455646 25455711 + — hsa-mir-6818 MI0022663 — chr22 30007049 30007113 + — hsa-mir-6819 MI0022664 — chr22 36286847 36286907 − — hsa-mir-6820 MI0022665 — chr22 37967563 37967624 + — hsa-mir-6821 MI0022666 0.528 chr22 49962866 49962939 + — hsa-mir-6822 MI0022667 0.59 chr3 39138206 39138266 + — hsa-mir-6823 MI0022668 0.197 chr3 48549961 48550021 − — hsa-mir-6824 MI0022669 — chr3 48633636 48633698 − — hsa-mir-6825 MI0022670 0.393 chr3 127575266 127575331 − — hsa-mir-6826 MI0022671 0.346 chr3 129272146 129272243 + — hsa-mir-6827 MI0022672 0.171 chr3 134367804 134367862 − — hsa-mir-6828 MI0022673 0.419 chr3 170423103 170423162 + — hsa-mir-6829 MI0022674 0.282 chr3 195882329 195882395 − — hsa-mir-6830 MI0022675 1.05 chr5 132217849 132217918 − — hsa-mir-6831 MI0022676 0.249 chr5 140563671 140563751 − — hsa-mir-6832 MI0022677 0.222 chr6 31633787 31633858 + — hsa-mir-6833 MI0022678 2.11 chr6 32179816 32179876 + — hsa-mir-6834 MI0022679 0.538 chr6 33290245 33290325 + — hsa-mir-6835 MI0022680 — chr6 34240673 34240736 + — hsa-mir-6836 MI0022682 0.748 chr7 2257515 2257577 − — hsa-mir-6837 MI0022683 1.79 chr7 44051766 44051829 + — hsa-mir-6838 MI0022684 0.2 chr7 44073378 44073433 − — hsa-mir-6839 MI0022685 1.23 chr7 64679064 64679176 + — hsa-mir-6840 MI0022686 0.596 chr7 100356651 100356721 + — hsa-mir-6841 MI0022687 4.66 chr8 24953796 24953867 − — hsa-mir-6842 MI0022688 0.727 chr8 27433370 27433434 + — hsa-mir-6843 MI0022689 0.222 chr8 27610601 27610751 − — hsa-mir-6844 MI0022690 0.211 chr8 124508515 124508576 − — hsa-mir-6845 MI0022691 0.2 chr8 143837756 143837816 − — hsa-mir-6846 MI0022692 0.393 chr8 144057321 144057380 − — hsa-mir-6847 MI0022693 0.342 chr8 144079874 144079942 + — hsa-mir-6848 MI0022694 0.444 chr8 144317246 144317315 − — hsa-mir-6849 MI0022695 1.5 chr8 144400277 144400345 − — hsa-mir-6850 MI0022696 — chr8 144791931 144791991 − — hsa-mir-6851 MI0022697 0.342 chr9 33467869 33467935 − — hsa-mir-6852 MI0022698 0.0977 chr9 35710676 35710741 − — hsa-mir-6853 MI0022699 — chr9 35732922 35732995 + — hsa-mir-6854 MI0022700 0.171 chr9 98229149 98229217 − — hsa-mir-6855 MI0022701 — chr9 129869605 129869671 + — hsa-mir-6856 MI0022702 — chr9 130626297 130626363 + — hsa-mir-6857 MI0022703 — chrX 53405673 53405765 − — hsa-mir-6858 MI0022704 0.444 chrX 154450320 154450386 + — hsa-mir-6859-1 MI0022705 0.322 chr1 17369 17436 − — hsa-mir-6859-2 MI0026420 0.53 chr1 187891 187958 − — hsa-mir-6859-3 MI0026421 0.222 chr15 101973524 101973591 + — hsa-mir-6859-4 MI0031521 4.59 chr16 17052 17119 − — hsa-mir-6860 MI0022707 1.96 chr11 67045643 67045708 + — hsa-mir-6861 MI0022708 0.342 chr12 112163258 112163321 − — hsa-mir-6862-1 MI0022709 0.282 chr16 28390982 28391051 − — hsa-mir-6862-2 MI0026415 0.59 chr16 28724252 28724321 + — hsa-mir-6863 MI0022710 12.4 chr16 56904264 56904353 + — hsa-mir-6864 MI0022711 0.308 chr17 4969702 4969771 − — hsa-mir-6865 MI0022712 0.222 chr17 4970086 4970150 − — hsa-mir-6866 MI0022713 0.247 chr17 40161933 40162001 + — hsa-mir-6867 MI0022714 1.53 chr17 40193597 40193663 + — hsa-mir-6868 MI0022715 — chr17 76098019 76098076 − — hsa-mir-6869 MI0022716 28.3 chr20 1392900 1392961 − — hsa-mir-6870 MI0022717 — chr20 10649636 10649695 − — hsa-mir-6871 MI0022718 0.171 chr20 41169023 41169078 + — hsa-mir-6872 MI0022719 — chr3 50273236 50273297 + — hsa-mir-6873 MI0022720 20.2 chr6 33287227 33287289 − — hsa-mir-6874 MI0022721 1.23 chr7 5711840 5711910 − — hsa-mir-6875 MI0022722 0.887 chr7 100868036 100868107 + — hsa-mir-6876 MI0022723 — chr8 25345402 25345474 + — hsa-mir-6877 MI0022724 1.15 chr9 133051996 133052059 + — hsa-mir-6878 MI0022725 0.197 chr1 150492345 150492410 + — hsa-mir-6879 MI0022726 — chr11 65018505 65018570 + — hsa-mir-6880 MI0022727 0.854 chr12 124337181 124337242 − — hsa-mir-6881 MI0022728 0.446 chr15 74411357 74411432 − — hsa-mir-6882 MI0022729 1.73 chr15 74840642 74840707 − — hsa-mir-6883 MI0022730 0.459 chr17 8144994 8145071 − — hsa-mir-6884 MI0022731 0.422 chr17 40026332 40026409 − — hsa-mir-6885 MI0022732 0.171 chr19 6389638 6389703 − — hsa-mir-6886 MI0022733 — chr19 11113474 11113534 + — hsa-mir-6887 MI0022734 0.222 chr19 35122700 35122764 + — hsa-mir-6888 MI0022735 — chr2 159186835 159186901 + — hsa-mir-6889 MI0022736 — chr22 41252992 41253050 − — hsa-mir-6890 MI0022737 0.222 chr3 49099854 49099914 − — hsa-mir-6891 MI0022738 — chr6 31355224 31355316 − — hsa-mir-6892 MI0022739 2.36 chr7 143382686 143382800 + — hsa-mir-6893 MI0022740 — chr8 144435551 144435619 − — hsa-mir-6894 MI0022741 0.222 chrX 53198889 53198945 − — hsa-mir-6895 MI0022742 0.222 chrX 53195411 53195488 − — hsa-mir-7106 MI0022957 0.778 chr12 113159113 113159177 − — hsa-mir-7107 MI0022958 — chr12 121444273 121444352 − — hsa-mir-7108 MI0022959 0.438 chr19 2434914 2435000 − — hsa-mir-7109 MI0022960 0.222 chr22 31621467 31621531 − — hsa-mir-7110 MI0022961 28.9 chr3 123161794 123161879 + — hsa-mir-7111 MI0022962 0.222 chr6 35470508 35470579 + — hsa-mir-7112 MI0022963 0.222 chr8 144262673 144262737 − — hsa-mir-7113 MI0022964 0.443 chr11 68032864 68032922 + — hsa-mir-7114 MI0022965 0.171 chr9 137450026 137450086 − — hsa-mir-7150 MI0023610 — chr9 123485529 123485622 − — hsa-mir-7151 MI0023611 1.75 chr10 67403351 67403410 − — hsa-mir-7152 MI0023612 — chr10 71790747 71790800 + — hsa-mir-7153 MI0023613 86.8 chr18 11654885 11654941 − — hsa-mir-7154 MI0023614 11.2 chr11 45691704 45691776 − — hsa-mir-7155 MI0023615 0.365 chr11 64341849 64341904 − — hsa-mir-7156 MI0023616 2.48 chr1 77060143 77060202 + — hsa-mir-7157 MI0023617 0.308 chr2 140586626 140586685 − — hsa-mir-7158 MI0023618 1.31 chr2 5974662 5974732 + — hsa-mir-7159 MI0023620 31.4 chr6 33899135 33899200 + — hsa-mir-7160 MI0023621 0.0977 chr8 2076589 2076640 + — hsa-mir-7161 MI0023619 760 chr6 158609707 158609790 + — hsa-mir-7162 MI0023623 0.197 chr10 30368597 30368665 − — hsa-mir-7515 MI0024354 — chr2 6650373 6650439 + — hsa-mir-7641-1 MI0024975 22.3 chr11 104252591 104252651 + — hsa-mir-7641-2 MI0024976 32.8 chr14 75604209 75604261 + — hsa-mir-7702 MI0025238 0.342 chr9 111271156 111271214 − — hsa-mir-7703 MI0025239 0.171 chr14 24143489 24143565 − — hsa-mir-7704 MI0025240 5.95 chr2 176188843 176188901 + — hsa-mir-7705 MI0025241 1.42 chr8 100702968 100703024 − — hsa-mir-7706 MI0025242 0.27 chr15 85380596 85380662 + — hsa-mir-7843 MI0025510 0.0977 chr14 72516820 72516898 + — hsa-mir-7844 MI0025514 — chr12 94571231 94571352 − — hsa-mir-7845 MI0025515  2.7e+03 chr2 207166400 207166498 + — hsa-mir-7846 MI0025516 1.99 chr1 12166943 12167038 + — hsa-mir-7847 MI0025517 0.222 chr11 1880045 1880147 + — hsa-mir-7848 MI0025518 — chr8 133046481 133046581 − — hsa-mir-7849 MI0025519 — chr4 146408583 146408688 + — hsa-mir-7850 MI0025520 — chr19 2630715 2630793 + — hsa-mir-7851 MI0025521 32.3 chr12 42323700 42323859 − — hsa-mir-7852 MI0025522 — chr1 107897223 107897304 + — hsa-mir-7853 MI0025523 0.311 chr6 6169304 6169435 − — hsa-mir-7854 MI0025524 0.272 chr16 81533902 81533966 + — hsa-mir-7855 MI0025525 0.647 chr14 64785626 64785686 − — hsa-mir-7856 MI0025526 0.272 chr1 86357632 86357687 − — hsa-mir-7973-1 MI0025748 — chr15 51314034 51314109 + — hsa-mir-7973-2 MI0025749 — chr15 51314032 51314107 − — hsa-mir-7974 MI0025750 0.171 chr19 11495544 11495622 − — hsa-mir-7975 MI0025751 510 chr19 55123225 55123292 − — hsa-mir-7976 MI0025752 0.485 chr3 127587111 127587176 − — hsa-mir-7977 MI0025753 0.852 chr3 176515103 176515151 + — hsa-mir-7978 MI0025754 0.186 chr4 21464700 21464758 − — hsa-mir-8052 MI0025888 0.859 chr11 130666735 130666803 + — hsa-mir-8053 MI0025889 0.2 chr4 47652669 47652743 + — hsa-mir-8054 MI0025890 — chr11 23419105 23419190 − — hsa-mir-8055 MI0025891 — chr8 6622124 6622220 − — hsa-mir-8056 MI0025892 0.2 chr5 173347455 173347536 + — hsa-mir-8057 MI0025893 0.171 chr18 26591467 26591535 − — hsa-mir-8058 MI0025894 0.748 chr16 82688931 82689019 + — hsa-mir-8059 MI0025895 — chr17 50768650 50768730 + — hsa-mir-8060 MI0025896 — chr3 96359964 96360039 + — hsa-mir-8061 MI0025897 0.222 chr19 54645309 54645383 + — hsa-mir-8062 MI0025898 — chr20 7371608 7371692 + — hsa-mir-8063 MI0025899 — chr15 36972821 36972901 − — hsa-mir-8064 MI0025900 0.748 chr3 52846463 52846552 − — hsa-mir-8065 MI0025901 1.5 chr16 5632467 5632566 + — hsa-mir-8066 MI0025902 — chr4 101240795 101240872 − — hsa-mir-8067 MI0025903 — chr15 62304658 62304734 − — hsa-mir-8068 MI0025904 0.0977 chr11 28477481 28477548 − — hsa-mir-8069-1 MI0025905 — chr21 6859171 6859256 + — hsa-mir-8069-2 MI0031519 — chr21 13724189 13724274 + — hsa-mir-8070 MI0025906 1.19 chr11 11783135 11783222 − — hsa-mir-8071-1 MI0025907 0.222 chr14 105621116 105621180 + — hsa-mir-8071-2 MI0026417 — chr14 105640168 105640232 + — hsa-mir-8072 MI0025908 0.271 chr12 123364764 123364843 − — hsa-mir-8073 MI0025909 0.833 chr13 110340958 110341029 + — hsa-mir-8074 MI0025910 — chr19 51206929 51207009 − — hsa-mir-8075 MI0025911 — chr13 113262920 113262999 + — hsa-mir-8076 MI0025912 — chr3 113432118 113432200 − — hsa-mir-8077 MI0025913 — chr19 42351131 42351205 + — hsa-mir-8078 MI0025914 0.748 chr18 112256 112339 − — hsa-mir-8079 MI0025915 0.444 chr13 44196129 44196200 − — hsa-mir-8080 MI0025916 — chr2 79866495 79866583 − — hsa-mir-8081 MI0025917 — chr9 106600928 106601022 + — hsa-mir-8082 MI0025918 — chr4 113152282 113152362 + — hsa-mir-8083 MI0025919 0.222 chr1 153689705 153689793 − — hsa-mir-8084 MI0025920 0.423 chr8 93029751 93029839 + — hsa-mir-8085 MI0025921 0.22 chr19 44758657 44758721 + — hsa-mir-8086 MI0025922 305 chr10 28289258 28289350 − — hsa-mir-8087 MI0025923 0.983 chr11 27514970 27515047 − — hsa-mir-8088 MI0025924 — chrX 52336557 52336642 − — hsa-mir-8089 MI0025925 — chr5 181043403 181043484 − — hsa-mir-8485 MI0027288 15.2 chr2 50696172 50696262 − — hsa-mir-9500 MI0029185 — chr2 218823090 218823154 + —

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40. Fabbri M, et al. (2012) MicroRNAs bind to Toll-like receptors to induce prometastatic inflammatory response. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 109(31):E2110-2116.

41. Valadi H, et al. (2007) Exosome-mediated transfer of mRNAs and microRNAs is a novel mechanism of genetic exchange between cells. Nat Cell Biol 9(6):654-659.

42. Raposo G, et al. (1996) B lymphocytes secrete antigen-presenting vesicles. J Exp Med 183(3):1161-1172.

43. Pegtel D M, et al. (2010) Functional delivery of viral miRNAs via exosomes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 107(14):6328-6333.

44. Zanetti M (2003) Protocol #0207-545: a phase I, escalating dose, open-label evaluation of safety, feasibility, and tolerability of transgenic lymphocyte immunization (TLI) vaccine subjects with histologically proven prostate adenocarcinoma. Hum Gene Ther 14(3):301-302.

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References—Example 2

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Nature 438: 685-689. -   9 Kim J H, et al Effective delivery of anti-miRNA DNA     oligonucleotides by functionalized gold nanoparticles. J Biotechnol     155: 287-292. -   10 Seow Y, Wood M J (2009). Biological gene delivery vehicles:     beyond viral vectors. Mol Ther 17: 767-777. -   11 Alvarez-Erviti L, et al. (2011). Delivery of siRNA to the mouse     brain by systemic injection of targeted exosomes. Nat Biotechnol 29:     341-345. -   12 Almanza G, et al (2013). Synthesis and delivery of short,     noncoding RNA by B lymphocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 110:     20182-20187. -   13 Liu Y P, et al. (2008). Inhibition of HIV-1 by multiple siRNAs     expressed from a single microRNA polycistron. Nucleic Acids Res 36:     2811-2824. -   14 Hu T, Chen P, Fu Q, Liu Y, Ishaq M, Li J et al (2010).     Comparative studies of various artificial microRNA expression     vectors for RNAi in mammalian cells. Mot Biotechnol 46: 34-40. -   15 Qiu X, Friedman J M, Liang G (2011). Creating a flexible multiple     microRNA expression vector by linking precursor microRNAs. Biochem     Biophys Res Commun 411: 276-280. -   16 Almanza G, (2010). Selected microRNAs define cell fate     determination of murine central memory CD8 T cells. PLoS One 5:     e11243. -   17 Wang M, et al (2008). miRNA analysis in B-cell chronic     lymphocytic leukaemia: proliferation centres characterized by low     miR-150 and high BIC/miR-155 expression. J Pathol 215: 13-20. -   18 Loo J M, et al (2015). Extracellular Metabolic Energetics Can     Promote Cancer Progression. Cell. -   19 Melton C, Judson R L, Blelloch R (2010). Opposing microRNA     families regulate self-renewal in mouse embryonic stem cells. Nature     463: 621-626. -   20 Ruggero D, Pandolfi P P (2003). Does the ribosome translate     cancer? Nat Rev Cancer 3: 179-192. -   21 Zanetti M (2003). Protocol #0207-545: a phase I, escalating dose,     open-label evaluation of safety, feasibility, and tolerability of     transgenic lymphocyte immunization (TLI) vaccine subjects with     histologically proven prostate adenocarcinoma. Hum Gene Ther 14:     301-302. -   22 Cortez-Gonzalez X, Zanetti M (2007). Telomerase immunity from     bench to bedside: round one. J Transl Med 5: 12. -   23 Bogerd H P, Karnowski H W, Cai X, Shin J, Pohlers M, Cullen B R     (2010). A mammalian herpesvirus uses noncanonical expression and     processing mechanisms to generate viral MicroRNAs. Mol Cell 37:     135-142. -   24 Kincaid R P, Burke J M, Sullivan C S (2012). RNA virus microRNA     that mimics a B-cell oncomiR. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 109: 3077-3082. -   25 Wubbolts R, et al (2003). Proteomic and biochemical analyses of     human B cell-derived exosomes. Potential implications for their     function and multivesicular body formation. J Biol Chem 278:     10963-10972. -   26 Pegtel D M, et al (2010). Functional delivery of viral miRNAs via     exosomes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 107: 6328-6333. -   27 Valadi H, Ekstrom K, Bossios A, Sjostrand M, Lee J J, Lotvall J O     (2007). Exosome-mediated transfer of mRNAs and microRNAs is a novel     mechanism of genetic exchange between cells. Nat Cell Biol 9:     654-659. -   28 Pegtel D M, Peferoen L, Amor S (2014). Extracellular vesicles as     modulators of cell-to-cell communication in the healthy and diseased     brain. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 369. -   29 Wakim L M, Bevan M J (2011). Cross-dressed dendritic cells drive     memory CD8+ T-cell activation after viral infection. Nature 471:     629-632. -   30 Choudhuri K, et al (2014). Polarized release of     T-cell-receptor-enriched micro-vesicles at the immunological     synapse. Nature 507: 118-123. -   31 Thery C, et al. (2002). Indirect activation of naive CD4+ T cells     by dendritic cell-derived exosomes. Nat Immunol 3: 1156-1162. -   32 Montecalvo A, et al (2008). Exosomes as a short-range mechanism     to spread alloantigen between dendritic cells during T cell     allorecognition. J Immunol 180: 3081-3090. -   33 Ono et al (2014). Exosomes from bone marrow mesenchymal stem     cells contain a microRNA that promotes dormancy in metastatic breast     cancer cells. Sci Signal 7: ra63. -   34 Lu M, et al (2014). Modeling putative therapeutic implications of     exosome exchange between tumor and immune cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci     USA111: E4165-4174. -   35 Atay S, Godwin A K (2014). Tumor-derived exosomes: A message     delivery system for tumor progression. Commun Integr Biol 7: e28231. -   36 Valencia K, Luis-Ravelo D, Bovy N, Anton I, Martinez-Canarias S,     Zandueta C et al (2014). miRNA cargo within exosome-like vesicle     transfer influences metastatic bone colonization. Mol Oncol 8:     689-703. -   37 Singh et al (2014). Exosome-mediated transfer of miR-10b promotes     cell invasion in breast cancer. Mol Cancer 13: 256. -   38 Liu Y, et al (2013). Micro-vesicle-delivery miR-150 promotes     tumorigenesis by up-regulating VEGF, and the neutralization of     miR-150 attenuate tumor development. Protein Cell 4: 932-941.

Chen et al (2014). Exosomes from drug-resistant breast cancer cells transmit chemoresistance by a horizontal transfer of microRNAs. PLoS One 9: e95240.

-   40 Boelens et al (2014). Exosome transfer from stromal to breast     cancer cells regulates therapy resistance pathways. Cell 159:     499-513. -   41 Taylor D D, Gercel-Taylor C (2011). Exosomes/micro-vesicles:     mediators of cancer-associated immunosuppressive microenvironments.     Semin Immunopathol 33: 441-454. -   42 Tan A, Rajadas J, Seifalian A M (2013). Exosomes as     nano-theranostic delivery platforms for gene therapy. Adv Drug Deliv     Rev 65: 357-367. -   43 Johnsen et al (2014). A comprehensive overview of exosomes as     drug delivery vehicles—endogenous nanocarriers for targeted cancer     therapy. Biochim Biophys Acta 1846: 75-87. -   44 Chevillet et al (2014). Quantitative and stoichiometric analysis     of the microRNA content of exosomes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 111:     14888-14893. -   45 Sverdlov E D (2012). Amedeo Avogadro's cry: what is 1 microg of     exosomes? Bioessays 34: 873-875. -   46 Simons M, Raposo G (2009). Exosomes-vesicular carriers for     intercellular communication. Curr Opin Cell Biol 21: 575-581. -   47 Squadrito et al (2014). Endogenous RNAs modulate microRNA sorting     to exosomes and transfer to acceptor cells. Cell reports 8:     1432-1446. -   48 Poliseno et al A coding-independent function of gene and     pseudogene mRNAs regulates tumour biology. Nature 465: 1033-1038.

References—Background and Example 3

-   Almanza, G., Anufreichik, V., Rodvold, J. J., Chiu, K. T., DeLaney,     A., Akers, J. C., Chen, C. C., and Zanetti, M. (2013). Synthesis and     delivery of short, noncoding RNA by B lymphocytes. Proceedings of     the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America     110, 20182-20187. -   Almanza, G., and Zanetti, M. (2015). High-efficiency Generation of     Multiple Short Noncoding RNA in B-cells and B-cell-derived     Extracellular Vesicles. Mol Ther Nucleic Acids 4, e271. -   Ambros, V. (2004). The functions of animal microRNAs. Nature 431,     350-355. Bartel, D. P. (2004). MicroRNAs: genomics, biogenesis,     mechanism, and function. Cell 116, 281-297. -   Busslinger, M. (2004). Transcriptional control of early B cell     development. Annu Rev Immunol 22, 55-79. -   Cao, J., Cai, J., Huang, D., Han, Q., Chen, Y., Yang, Q., Yang, C.,     Kuang, Y., Li, D., and Wang, Z. (2014). miR-335 represents an     independent prognostic marker in epithelial ovarian cancer. Am J     Clin Pathol 141, 437-442. -   Esquela-Kerscher, A., and Slack, F. J. (2006). Oncomirs—microRNAs     with a role in cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 6, 259-269. -   Foronda, M., Martinez, P., Schoeftner, S., Gomez-Lopez, G.,     Schneider, R., Flores, J. M., Pisano, D. G., and Blasco, M. A.     (2014). Sox4 links tumor suppression to accelerated aging in mice by     modulating stem cell activation. Cell Rep 8, 487-500. -   Friedman, R. C., Farh, K. K., Burge, C. B., and Bartel, D. P.     (2009). Most mammalian mRNAs are conserved targets of microRNAs.     Genome Res 19, 92-105. -   Garzon, R., Calin, G. A., and Croce, C. M. (2009). MicroRNAs in     Cancer. Annu Rev Med 60, 167-179. -   Gong, M., et al (2014). miR-335 inhibits small cell lung cancer bone     metastases via IGF-IR and RANKL pathways. Mol Cancer Res 12,     101-110. -   Hong, C. S., and Saint-Jeannet, J. P. (2005). Sox proteins and     neural crest development. Semin Cell Dev Biol 16, 694-703. -   Isosaka, M., et al. (2015). A Screen for Epigenetically Silenced     microRNA Genes in Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors. PloS one 10,     e0133754.

Minn, A. J., Gupta, G. P., Siegel, P. M., Bos, P. D., Shu, W., Giri, D. D., Viale, A., Olshen, A. B., Gerald, W. L., and Massague, J. (2005). Genes that mediate breast cancer metastasis to lung. Nature 436, 518-524.

-   O'Connell, R. M., Rao, D. S., and Baltimore, D. (2012). microRNA     regulation of inflammatory responses. Annu Rev Immunol 30, 295-312. -   Pedersen, I., and David, M. (2008). MicroRNAs in the immune     response. Cytokine 43, 391-394. -   Png, K. J., Yoshida, M., Zhang, X. H., Shu, W., Lee, H., Rimner, A.,     Chan, T. A., Comen, E., Andrade, V. P., Kim, S. W., et al. (2011).     MicroRNA-335 inhibits tumor reinitiation and is silenced through     genetic and epigenetic mechanisms in human breast cancer. Genes Dev     25, 226-231. -   Restivo, A., Piacentini, G., Placidi, S., Saffirio, C., and     Marino, B. (2006). Cardiac outflow tract: a review of some     embryogenetic aspects of the conotruncal region of the heart. Anat     Rec A Discov Mol Cell Evol Biol 288, 936-943. -   Tavazoie, S. F., et al (2008). Endogenous human microRNAs that     suppress breast cancer metastasis. Nature 451, 147-152. -   Thomas, M., Lieberman, J., and Lal, A. (2010). Desperately seeking     microRNA targets. Nat Struct Mol Biol 17, 1169-1174. -   Tiwari, N., Tiwari, V. K., Waldmeier, L., Balwierz, P. J., Arnold,     P., Pachkov, M., Meyer-Schaller, N., Schubeler, D., van Nimwegen,     E., and Christofori, G. (2013). Sox4 is a master regulator of     epithelial-mesenchymal transition by controlling Ezh2 expression and     epigenetic reprogramming. Cancer cell 23, 768-783. -   Vervoort, S. J., van Boxtel, R., and Coffer, P. J. (2013). The role     of SRY-related HMG box transcription factor 4 (SOX4) in     tumorigenesis and metastasis: friend or foe? Oncogene 32, 3397-3409. -   Volinia, S., Calin, G. A., Liu, C. G., Ambs, S., Cimmino, A.,     Petrocca, F., Visone, R., Iorio, M., Roldo, C., Ferracin, M., et al.     (2006). A microRNA expression signature of human solid tumors     defines cancer gene targets. Proceedings of the National Academy of     Sciences of the United States of America 103, 2257-2261. -   Wang, C., and Jiang, T. (2015). MicroRNA-335 represents an     independent prognostic marker in cervical cancer. Tumour Biol 36,     5825-5830. -   Xiong, S. W., Lin, T. X., Xu, K. W., Dong, W., Ling, X. H.,     Jiang, F. N., Chen, G., Zhong, W. D., and Huang, J. (2013).     MicroRNA-335 acts as a candidate tumor suppressor in prostate     cancer. Pathol Oncol Res 19, 529-537.

A number of embodiments of the invention have been described. Nevertheless, it can be understood that various modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, other embodiments are within the scope of the following claims. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method for treating, ameliorating, or preventing, or controlling the tumorigenicity of: a cancer comprising administering to an individual in need thereof a composition, formulation or pharmaceutical composition comprising (a) a B lymphocyte extracellular vesicle (EV) or equivalent thereof, or (b) a B lymphocyte comprising or having contained therein a B lymphocyte EV or equivalent thereof, wherein the B lymphocyte, B lymphocyte extracellular vesicle (EV) or equivalent thereof, comprises or has contained therein: an average of at least about 3.6 copies of identical mammalian micro-RNA molecules per B lymphocyte extracellular vesicle (EV) or equivalent thereof, and the identical mammalian micro-RNA are encoded and produced by exogenous nucleic acid by transfection of the B lymphocyte.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the cancer is a breast cancer.
 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the breast cancer is a triple negative breast cancer, or a breast cancer that tests negative for estrogen receptors (ER-), progesterone receptors (PR-), or HER2 (HER2-).
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the cancer cell is a prostate cancer cell, a lymphoma cell, a glioblastoma cell, lung cancer cell, a pancreatic cancer cell, an ovarian cancer cell, a liver cancer cell, a colon cancer cell, a medulloblastoma cell, or a salivary gland cancer cell.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the mammalian micro-RNA comprises an miR-335.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the mammalian micro-RNA comprises an miR-335, an miR-214, an miR-141, an miR-150, an miR-155, an miR-15a, an miR-16, an miRNA selected from Table 2, or an miRNA that down-regulates or decreases the activity of SOX4 mRNA, and a combination thereof, or an anti-miRNA having a sequence complementary to the miRNA, or any combination thereof.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the composition, formulation or pharmaceutical composition comprises a plurality of B lymphocyte extracellular vesicles (EVs).
 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the composition, formulation or pharmaceutical composition comprises a plurality of B lymphocyte exosomes.
 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the composition, formulation or pharmaceutical composition comprises a plurality of B lymphocyte micro-vesicles.
 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the composition, formulation or pharmaceutical composition is made by a method comprising: (a) providing a B lymphocyte; and, providing an expression system capable of expressing a nucleic acid contained therein in the B lymphocyte, and the expression system has contained therein: (i) at least two coding sequences for an anti-sense nucleic acid molecule having a sequence substantially complementary to at least one microRNA (miR), or, an antagomir or blockmir molecule; and/or (ii) at least two coding sequences for a micro-RNA (miRNA) molecule, and the at least two miRNA-coding nucleic acid sequences are configured in tandem as two pre-miR stem loops linked together with a nucleotide linker; (b) transfecting into the B lymphocyte the expression system, and (c) culturing or manipulating the B lymphocyte such that the expression system expresses the at least two micro-RNA (miRNA) molecules, or anti-sense molecules, or antagomir or blockmir molecules, resulting in the B lymphocyte expressing or producing a plurality of B lymphocyte extracellular vesicles (EVs), B lymphocyte exosomes, or B lymphocyte micro-vesicles, wherein substantially each of the plurality of B lymphocyte vesicles (EVs), B lymphocyte exosomes or B lymphocyte micro-vesicles comprises or has contained therein an average of at least about 3.6 copies of the miRNA or anti-microRNA molecules. 